中国畜牧兽医 ›› 2026, Vol. 53 ›› Issue (2): 735-748.doi: 10.16431/j.cnki.1671-7236.2026.02.021
柏琴1(
), 罗晓林1, 尚恺圆1, 官久强1, 华海全2, 许春喜3, 安添午1, 赵洪文1, 苟玉婷1, 张翔飞1(
)
收稿日期:2025-07-23
出版日期:2026-02-20
发布日期:2026-01-27
通讯作者:
张翔飞
E-mail:bq1278560523@163.com;zxfsicau@foxmail.com
作者简介:柏琴,E-mail:bq1278560523@163.com
基金资助:
BAI Qin1(
), LUO Xiaolin1, SHANG Kaiyuan1, GUAN Jiuqiang1, HUA Haiquan2, XU Chunxi3, AN Tianwu1, ZHAO Hongwen1, GOU Yuting1, ZHANG Xiangfei1(
)
Received:2025-07-23
Online:2026-02-20
Published:2026-01-27
Contact:
ZHANG Xiangfei
E-mail:bq1278560523@163.com;zxfsicau@foxmail.com
摘要:
目的 旨在探索全年季节性差异化饲养对牦牛生产性能、血清生化及养殖效益的影响。 方法 试验选取50头体况良好、体重相近(147.49 kg±19.72 kg)的公牦牛,随机分为对照组(CON)和试验组(SF),每组25个重复,每个重复1头牦牛。对照组牦牛全年于天然牧场进行放牧;试验组根据季节性差异采用不同饲养模式:暖季补饲(4~10月)实施“划区轮牧放牧+补饲”,冷季补饲(10月~翌年1月)采用“划区轮牧放牧+补饲”,冷季舍饲(翌年1~4月)采用“暖棚+舍饲”饲养,试验期为365 d。试验期间,分别于4、10月及翌年1、4月测定牦牛生产性能,并于10月和翌年4月采集血清样本进行血清生化分析,最后进行养殖效益分析。 结果 试验组牦牛在4~10月、10月~翌年1月、翌年1~4月日增重均显著高于对照组(P<0.05),并且全年平均日增重由对照组的115.56 g显著提高至试验组的430.63 g(P<0.05)。血清生化指标检测显示,10月试验组牦牛血清白蛋白(ALB)、球蛋白(GLB)、总蛋白(TP)水平显著高于对照组(P<0.05);翌年4月试验组牦牛血清葡萄糖(GLU)、ALB、TP浓度显著高于对照组(P<0.05)。试验组10月血清ALB和TP浓度显著高于翌年4月(P<0.05)。脂肪代谢物方面,10月试验组牦牛血清高密度脂蛋白胆固醇(HDL-C)、极低密度脂蛋白(VLDL)浓度显著高于对照组(P<0.05),翌年4月试验组牦牛血清低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(LDL-C)、VLDL、非酯化脂肪酸(NEFA)、β-羟基丁酸(BHBA)浓度均显著低于对照组(P<0.05)。对照组10月牦牛血清VLDL、NEFA和BHBA浓度显著低于翌年4月(P<0.05);同时,试验组呈现类似趋势,10月牦牛血清VLDL、NEFA和BHBA浓度亦显著低于翌年4月(P<0.05)。能量代谢相关激素中,10月试验组牦牛血清胰岛素(INS)浓度显著高于对照组(P<0.05);翌年4月试验组牦牛血清胰高血糖素(GLN)浓度显著低于对照组(P<0.05)。对照组10月牦牛血清脂联素(APN)、GLN浓度显著低于翌年4月(P<0.05),INS浓度则以10月显著高于翌年4月(P<0.05);试验组10月GLN浓度显著低于翌年4月,INS浓度则以10月显著高于翌年4月(P<0.05)。10月试验组牦牛血清生长激素(GH)、胰岛素样生长因子Ⅰ(IGF-Ⅰ)浓度显著高于对照组(P<0.05);翌年4月试验组GH、IGF-Ⅰ浓度呈类似规律,仍显著高于对照组(P<0.05)。试验组内10月血清IGF-Ⅰ浓度显著高于翌年4月同组水平(P<0.05)。养殖效益分析显示,试验组每头牦牛养殖利润较对照组增加884.14元。 结论 与传统放牧模式相比,全年季节性差异化饲养在放牧采食基础上补充牦牛养分摄入显著提高了牦牛暖季增重性能,提升了血清糖、氮等营养代谢物水平,减少冷季脂肪分解动员与掉膘失重,并促进了生长激素分泌,最终实现了牦牛养殖经济效益的提升。
中图分类号:
柏琴, 罗晓林, 尚恺圆, 官久强, 华海全, 许春喜, 安添午, 赵洪文, 苟玉婷, 张翔飞. 全年季节性差异化饲养对牦牛生长性能、血清生化指标及养殖效益的影响[J]. 中国畜牧兽医, 2026, 53(2): 735-748.
BAI Qin, LUO Xiaolin, SHANG Kaiyuan, GUAN Jiuqiang, HUA Haiquan, XU Chunxi, AN Tianwu, ZHAO Hongwen, GOU Yuting, ZHANG Xiangfei. Effect of Seasonal Differential Feeding of Full Year on Growth Performance, Serum Biochemistry Indicators and Feeding Benefits of Yaks[J]. China Animal Husbandry & Veterinary Medicine, 2026, 53(2): 735-748.
表 1
饲粮组成及营养水平(干物质基础) (%)"
项目 Items | 暖季补饲 Supplementary feeding during warm season | 冷季补饲 Supplementary feeding during cold season | 冷季舍饲 Confined feeding during cold season |
|---|---|---|---|
| 原料 Ingredients | |||
| 玉米 Corn | 8.81 | 18.64 | 17.11 |
| 米糠 Rice bran | 3.72 | — | 4.83 |
| 小麦 Wheat | — | — | 6.97 |
| 麦麸 Wheat bran | 4.69 | 5.66 | — |
| 豆皮 Soybean hulls | — | 2.28 | 0.42 |
| 大豆粕 Soybean meal | 1.19 | 1.58 | — |
| 菜籽粕 Rapeseed meal | 1.50 | 3.40 | 3.00 |
| 棉籽饼 Cottonseed meal | 2.76 | 4.40 | 3.21 |
| 大豆油 Soybean oil | — | 0.36 | 0.54 |
| 糖蜜 Molasses | — | — | 0.35 |
| 膨化尿素 Extruded urea | 0.26 | 0.62 | 0.42 |
| 活性干酵母 Active dry yeast | 0.07 | — | — |
| 磷酸氢钙 CaHPO4 | 0.17 | — | — |
| 小苏打 NaHCO3 | — | 0.36 | 0.45 |
| 食盐 NaCl | 0.42 | 0.45 | 0.45 |
| 预混料 Premix① | 1.41 | 2.25 | 2.25 |
| 7月牧草 July grass | 75.00 | — | — |
| 1月牧草 January grass | — | 60.00 | — |
| 燕麦干草 Oat hay | — | — | 60.00 |
| 合计 Total | 100.00 | 100.00 | 100.00 |
| 营养成分 Nutrient components② | |||
| 综合净能 NEmf/(MJ/kg) | 5.21 | 4.92 | 5.02 |
| 粗蛋白质 CP | 12.73 | 11.16 | 11.00 |
| 粗纤维 CF | 20.70 | 24.35 | 21.03 |
| 中性洗涤纤维 NDF | 47.56 | 48.90 | 43.86 |
| 酸性洗涤纤维 ADF | 28.11 | 29.68 | 28.57 |
| 钙 Ca | 0.83 | 1.03 | 1.49 |
| 磷 P | 0.42 | 0.34 | 0.42 |
| 粗脂肪 EE | 4.34 | 3.67 | 3.54 |
| 粗灰分 ASH | 4.21 | 4.56 | 4.44 |
表 2
全年季节性差异化饲养对牦牛生产性能的影响"
| 项目 Items | 阶段 Periods | 对照组 CON group | 试验组 SF group |
|---|---|---|---|
| 初始体重 IBW/kg | 4月 | 149.96±3.63 | 145.02±4.33 |
| 体重 BW/kg | 10月 | 217.10±3.89b | 247.82±4.65a |
| 体重 BW/kg | 翌年1月 | 207.56±4.09b | 264.14±4.79a |
| 终末体重 FBW/kg | 翌年4月 | 190.68±4.09b | 302.20±5.60a |
| 平均日增重 ADG/g | 4~10月 | 362.92±7.88b | 555.68±13.06a |
| 10月~翌年1月 | -106.00±5.83b | 181.33±11.69a | |
| 翌年1~4月 | -187.56±10.82b | 422.89±25.52a | |
| 4月~翌年4月 | 111.56±5.19b | 430.63±11.07a |
表 3
全年季节性差异化饲养对牦牛血清生化的影响"
| 项目 Items | 阶段 Periods | 对照组 CON group | 试验组 SF group |
|---|---|---|---|
| 葡萄糖 GLU/(mmol/L) | 10月 | 2.77±0.16 | 3.31±0.27 |
| 翌年4月 | 2.45±0.17b | 3.03±0.10a | |
| 白蛋白 ALB/(g/L) | 10月 | 22.92±0.73b | 29.66±1.22aA |
| 翌年4月 | 20.83±1.01b | 25.23±1.15aB | |
| 球蛋白 GLB/(g/L) | 10月 | 34.99±1.51b | 40.58±1.97a |
| 翌年4月 | 33.47±1.38 | 38.17±1.74 | |
| 总蛋白 TP/(g/L) | 10月 | 57.91±1.93b | 70.24±2.51aA |
| 翌年4月 | 54.30±1.92b | 63.40±2.31aB | |
| 尿素氮 BUN/(mg/dL) | 10月 | 10.42±0.68 | 10.97±0.78 |
| 翌年4月 | 8.68±0.66 | 9.18±1.03 |
表 4
全年季节性差异化饲养对牦牛血清脂肪代谢物的影响"
| 项目 Items | 阶段 Periods | 对照组 CON group | 试验组 SF group |
|---|---|---|---|
| 总胆固醇 TC/(mmol/L) | 10月 | 2.30±0.15 | 2.41±0.15 |
| 翌年4月 | 2.56±0.16 | 2.19±0.20 | |
| 甘油三酯 TG/(mmol/L) | 10月 | 0.62±0.05 | 0.64±0.06 |
| 翌年4月 | 0.59±0.03 | 0.67±0.03 | |
| 高密度脂蛋白胆固醇 HDL-C/(mmol/L) | 10月 | 1.31±0.07b | 1.99±0.10aA |
| 翌年4月 | 1.22±0.05b | 1.63±0.10aB | |
| 低密度脂蛋白胆固醇 LDL-C/(mmol/L) | 10月 | 0.84±0.08 | 0.86±0.09 |
| 翌年4月 | 0.93±0.06a | 0.65±0.06b | |
| 极低密度脂蛋白 VLDL/(mmol/L) | 10月 | 12.04±0.21bB | 12.90±0.26aB |
| 翌年4月 | 15.20±0.42aA | 13.75±0.23bA | |
| 非酯化脂肪酸 NEFA/(mmol/L) | 10月 | 0.29±0.02B | 0.32±0.02B |
| 翌年4月 | 0.49±0.02aA | 0.39±0.02bA | |
| β-羟基丁酸 BHBA/(μmol/L) | 10月 | 345.02±11.24B | 355.26±19.01B |
| 翌年4月 | 467.59±14.96aA | 409.68±10.60bA |
表 5
全年季节性差异化饲养对牦牛血清能量代谢相关激素水平的影响"
| 项目 Items | 阶段 Periods | 对照组 CON group | 试验组 SF group |
|---|---|---|---|
| 瘦素 LEP/(ng/mL) | 10月 | 5.87±0.33 | 6.01±0.33 |
| 翌年4月 | 5.68±0.41 | 5.78±0.54 | |
| 脂联素 APN/(ng/mL) | 10月 | 39.33±0.46B | 41.05±1.07 |
| 翌年4月 | 44.91±1.28A | 43.06±1.46 | |
| 胰高血糖素 GLN/(pg/mL) | 10月 | 285.91±10.49B | 273.12±11.93B |
| 翌年4月 | 345.69±7.92aA | 305.86±13.20bA | |
| 胰岛素 INS/(mIU/L) | 10月 | 41.06±0.63bA | 48.43±0.99aA |
| 翌年4月 | 38.77±0.63B | 40.75±0.77B |
表 6
全年季节性差异化饲养对牦牛血清生长相关激素水平的影响"
| 项目 Items | 阶段 Periods | 对照组 CON group | 试验组 SF group |
|---|---|---|---|
| 生长激素 GH/(ng/mL) | 10月 | 16.71±0.34b | 19.73±0.84a |
| 翌年4月 | 15.84±0.44b | 18.45±0.77a | |
| 胰岛素样生长因子Ⅰ IGF-Ⅰ /(ng/mL) | 10月 | 366.79±10.65b | 431.36±12.96aA |
| 翌年4月 | 341.25±8.26b | 383.30±15.19aB | |
| 三碘甲状腺原氨酸 T3/(ng/mL) | 10月 | 6.78±0.30 | 6.47±0.35 |
| 翌年4月 | 6.55±0.29 | 7.10±0.34 | |
| 甲状腺素 T4/(nmol/L) | 10月 | 283.49±5.60 | 294.00±9.04 |
| 翌年4月 | 275.02±5.20 | 277.16±12.02 |
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