中国畜牧兽医 ›› 2026, Vol. 53 ›› Issue (2): 735-748.doi: 10.16431/j.cnki.1671-7236.2026.02.021

• 营养与饲料 • 上一篇    下一篇

全年季节性差异化饲养对牦牛生长性能、血清生化指标及养殖效益的影响

柏琴1(), 罗晓林1, 尚恺圆1, 官久强1, 华海全2, 许春喜3, 安添午1, 赵洪文1, 苟玉婷1, 张翔飞1()   

  1. 1.四川省草原科学研究院,成都 611731
    2.同德巴宗畜牧有限责任公司,海南 810699
    3.青海省畜禽遗传资源保护利用中心,西宁 810016
  • 收稿日期:2025-07-23 出版日期:2026-02-20 发布日期:2026-01-27
  • 通讯作者: 张翔飞 E-mail:bq1278560523@163.com;zxfsicau@foxmail.com
  • 作者简介:柏琴,E-mail:bq1278560523@163.com
  • 基金资助:
    省级科技专项海南州科技创新平台培育建设项目:草畜耦合牦牛生态高效牧养技术研究与示范;省科技计划重点研发项目:亚丁牦牛高效养殖技术研发与示范(2024YFTX0031);四川省林草科技创新团队:草牧业关键技术研究与应用(CXTD2025006);国家肉牛牦牛产业技术体系(CARS-37)

Effect of Seasonal Differential Feeding of Full Year on Growth Performance, Serum Biochemistry Indicators and Feeding Benefits of Yaks

BAI Qin1(), LUO Xiaolin1, SHANG Kaiyuan1, GUAN Jiuqiang1, HUA Haiquan2, XU Chunxi3, AN Tianwu1, ZHAO Hongwen1, GOU Yuting1, ZHANG Xiangfei1()   

  1. 1.Sichuan Academy of Grassland Sciences,Chengdu 611731,China
    2.Tongde Barzom Animal Husbandry Company Limited,Hainan 810699,China
    3.Qinghai Livestock and Poultry Genetic Resources Protection and Utilization Center,Xining 810016,China
  • Received:2025-07-23 Online:2026-02-20 Published:2026-01-27
  • Contact: ZHANG Xiangfei E-mail:bq1278560523@163.com;zxfsicau@foxmail.com

摘要:

目的 旨在探索全年季节性差异化饲养对牦牛生产性能、血清生化及养殖效益的影响。 方法 试验选取50头体况良好、体重相近(147.49 kg±19.72 kg)的公牦牛,随机分为对照组(CON)和试验组(SF),每组25个重复,每个重复1头牦牛。对照组牦牛全年于天然牧场进行放牧;试验组根据季节性差异采用不同饲养模式:暖季补饲(4~10月)实施“划区轮牧放牧+补饲”,冷季补饲(10月~翌年1月)采用“划区轮牧放牧+补饲”,冷季舍饲(翌年1~4月)采用“暖棚+舍饲”饲养,试验期为365 d。试验期间,分别于4、10月及翌年1、4月测定牦牛生产性能,并于10月和翌年4月采集血清样本进行血清生化分析,最后进行养殖效益分析。 结果 试验组牦牛在4~10月、10月~翌年1月、翌年1~4月日增重均显著高于对照组(P<0.05),并且全年平均日增重由对照组的115.56 g显著提高至试验组的430.63 g(P<0.05)。血清生化指标检测显示,10月试验组牦牛血清白蛋白(ALB)、球蛋白(GLB)、总蛋白(TP)水平显著高于对照组(P<0.05);翌年4月试验组牦牛血清葡萄糖(GLU)、ALB、TP浓度显著高于对照组(P<0.05)。试验组10月血清ALB和TP浓度显著高于翌年4月(P<0.05)。脂肪代谢物方面,10月试验组牦牛血清高密度脂蛋白胆固醇(HDL-C)、极低密度脂蛋白(VLDL)浓度显著高于对照组(P<0.05),翌年4月试验组牦牛血清低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(LDL-C)、VLDL、非酯化脂肪酸(NEFA)、β-羟基丁酸(BHBA)浓度均显著低于对照组(P<0.05)。对照组10月牦牛血清VLDL、NEFA和BHBA浓度显著低于翌年4月(P<0.05);同时,试验组呈现类似趋势,10月牦牛血清VLDL、NEFA和BHBA浓度亦显著低于翌年4月(P<0.05)。能量代谢相关激素中,10月试验组牦牛血清胰岛素(INS)浓度显著高于对照组(P<0.05);翌年4月试验组牦牛血清胰高血糖素(GLN)浓度显著低于对照组(P<0.05)。对照组10月牦牛血清脂联素(APN)、GLN浓度显著低于翌年4月(P<0.05),INS浓度则以10月显著高于翌年4月(P<0.05);试验组10月GLN浓度显著低于翌年4月,INS浓度则以10月显著高于翌年4月(P<0.05)。10月试验组牦牛血清生长激素(GH)、胰岛素样生长因子Ⅰ(IGF-Ⅰ)浓度显著高于对照组(P<0.05);翌年4月试验组GH、IGF-Ⅰ浓度呈类似规律,仍显著高于对照组(P<0.05)。试验组内10月血清IGF-Ⅰ浓度显著高于翌年4月同组水平(P<0.05)。养殖效益分析显示,试验组每头牦牛养殖利润较对照组增加884.14元。 结论 与传统放牧模式相比,全年季节性差异化饲养在放牧采食基础上补充牦牛养分摄入显著提高了牦牛暖季增重性能,提升了血清糖、氮等营养代谢物水平,减少冷季脂肪分解动员与掉膘失重,并促进了生长激素分泌,最终实现了牦牛养殖经济效益的提升。

关键词: 牦牛; 季节性; 生长性能; 血清生化; 经济效益

Abstract:

Objective This study aimed to investigate the effects of annual seasonal differential feeding on the growth performance, serum biochemistry, and feeding economics of yaks. Method Fifty healthy male yaks with similar body weight (147.49 kg±19.72 kg) were selected and randomly divided into a control group (CON) and an experimental group (SF), with 25 replicates per group and one yak per replicate. Yaks in CON group grazed year-round on natural pasture. The SF group received different feeding models according to seasonal variations: During the warm season supplementation period (April to October),“rotational grazing+supplementation” was implemented; During the cold season supplementation period (October to January of the following year), “rotational grazing+supplementation” was used; And during the cold season indoor feeding period (January to April of the following year), “warm shed+indoor feeding” was applied. The trial lasted 365 days. During the experiment, yak production performance was measured in April, October, January of the following year, and April of the following year. Serum samples were collected in October and April of the following year for serum biochemical analysis, and an economic benefit analysis was conducted. Result The average daily gain (ADG) of yaks in SF group was significantly higher than that of CON group in October and from January to April of the following year (P<0.05). The annual ADG was significantly increased from 115.56 g in CON group to 430.63 g in SF group (P<0.05). Serum biochemical indicators: In October, serum albumin (ALB), globulin (GLB), and total protein (TP) levels in SF group were significantly higher than those in CON group (P<0.05). In April of the following year, glucose (GLU), ALB, and TP concentrations in SF group were significantly higher than those in CON group (P<0.05). Within the SF group, serum ALB and TP concentrations in October were significantly higher than those in April of the following year (P<0.05).Regarding lipid metabolites: In October, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) and very-low-density lipoprotein (VLDL) concentrations in SF group were significantly higher than those in CON group (P<0.05). In April of the following year, serum low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), VLDL, non-esterified fatty acid (NEFA), and β-hydroxybutyrate (BHBA) concentrations in SF group were significantly lower than those in CON group (P<0.05). In CON group, VLDL, NEFA, and BHBA concentrations in October were significantly lower than those in April of the following year (P<0.05). Similarly, in SF group, serum VLDL, NEFA, and BHBA concentrations in October were also significantly lower than those in April of the following year (P<0.05).Among energy metabolism-related hormones: In October, serum insulin (INS) concentration in SF group was significantly higher than that in CON group (P<0.05). In April of the following year, serum glucagon (GLN) concentration in SF group was significantly lower than that in CON group (P<0.05). In CON group, serum adiponectin (APN) and GLN concentrations in October were significantly lower than those in April of the following year (P<0.05), while INS concentration was significantly higher in October than in April of the following year (P<0.05). In SF group, GLN concentration in October was significantly lower than that in April of the following year, while INS concentration was significantly higher in October than in April of the following year (P<0.05).In October, serum growth hormone (GH) and insulin-like growth factor Ⅰ (IGF-Ⅰ) concentrations in SF group were significantly higher than those in CON group (P<0.05). In April of the following year, GH and IGF-Ⅰ concentrations in SF group remained significantly higher than those in CON group (P<0.05). Within the SF group, serum IGF-Ⅰ concentration in October was significantly higher than that in April of the following year (P<0.05).The economic benefit analysis showed that the profit per yak in SF group increased by 884.14 yuan compared to CON group. Conclusion In summary, compared with traditional grazing, year-round seasonal differentiated feeding, which supplements nutrient intake based on grazing, significantly improved the weight gain performance of yaks during the warm season, elevated serum levels of glucose and nitrogen metabolites, reduced fat mobilization and weight loss during the cold season, and promoted growth hormone secretion, ultimately enhancing the economic benefits of yak farming.

Key words: yak; seasonal growth performance; serum biochemical; economic benefits

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