蓝桉精油对热应激肉鸡生长性能、血清生化指标、抗氧化能力及肠道健康的影响

doi:10.16431/j.cnki.1671-7236.2026.01.013

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

目的探究饲粮中添加蓝桉精油（EGO）对热应激肉鸡生长性能、血清生化、抗氧化能力及肠道健康的影响。方法选取21日龄体重相近的健康科宝肉公鸡225只，随机分成5组，每组3个重复，每个重复15只。对照组（CON）环境温度全天设置为（24±1）℃，肉鸡饲喂基础饲粮；其余4组肉鸡进行热应激处理，环境温度每日09：00—17：00设置为（32±1）℃，其余时间设置为（24±1）℃，并分别饲喂在基础饲粮中添加0（HS组）、100（HS+EGO-L组）、200（HS+EGO-M组）和300（HS+EGO-H组）mg/kg EGO的饲粮。试验期21 d。试验期间统计生长性能，试验结束时，采集肉鸡翅下静脉血样、肠道组织和盲肠内容物，分别测定血清生化指标、抗氧化指标、肠道组织形态及盲肠微生物菌群。结果 ①与CON组相比，HS组肉鸡终末体重（FBW）、平均日采食量（ADFI）和平均日增重（ADG）均显著降低（P<0.05），料重比（F/G）显著升高（P<0.05）；血清总胆红素（TBIL）含量和碱性磷酸酶（ALP）活性均显著升高（P<0.05），血清钙和磷水平均显著降低（P<0.05）；血清超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）活性显著降低（P<0.05），丙二醛（MDA）含量显著升高（P<0.05）；十二指肠和空肠绒毛高度（VH）显著降低（P<0.05）；盲肠微生物Simpson指数显著降低（P<0.05），Shannon指数显著升高（P<0.05），Beta多样性改变，厚壁菌门相对丰度增加，拟杆菌门相对丰度降低，厚壁菌门和拟杆菌门的比值（F/B）增加；艾森伯格菌属和丁酸梭菌属菌群存在特异性增殖。②与HS组相比，HS+EGO-M和HS+EGO-H组肉鸡FBW和ADG均显著升高（P<0.05），HS+EGO-H组肉鸡F/G显著降低（P<0.05）；HS+EGO-H组肉鸡血清ALP活性显著降低（P<0.05），HS+EGO-M和HS+EGO-H组血清磷水平显著升高（P<0.05），各EGO组血清钙水平显著升高，MDA含量显著降低（P<0.05）；HS+EGO-L和HS+EGO-M组肉鸡十二指肠、HS+EGO-H组空肠VH均显著增加（P<0.05）；各EGO组肉鸡盲肠中厚壁菌门相对丰度降低，HS+EGO-M和HS+EGO-H组拟杆菌门相对丰度增加，F/B值降低；HS+EGO-H组肉鸡盲肠中Christensenellaceae_R-7_group、粪杆菌属、经黏液真杆菌属和norank_o_RF39存在特异性增殖。③肉鸡盲肠萨特氏菌属、未分类的颤螺旋菌科、埃希氏菌-志贺氏菌属与血清MDA含量呈显著或极显著正相关（P<0.05；P<0.01）；Christensenellaceae_R-7_group、Lachnoclostridium、norank_o_Clostridia_UCG-014、阿克曼氏菌属与血清MDA含量呈显著或极显著负相关（P<0.05；P<0.01）。结论在本试验条件下，饲料中添加EGO可以缓解热应激肉鸡肝损伤，提高机体抗氧化能力，缓解热应激引起的氧化应激，改善肠道形态结构和调节肠道菌群平衡，进而提高肉鸡生长性能，且以添加300 mg/kg较为适宜。

关键词: 热应激; 蓝桉精油; 生长性能; 抗氧化能力; 肠道健康

Abstract:

Objective This study aimed to investigate the effects of dietary supplementation with Eucalyptus globulus essential oil （EGO） on the growth performance， serum biochemical indicators， antioxidant capacity and intestinal health of broilers under heat stress. Method A total of 100 healthy 21-day-old Cobb male broilers with similar body weights were randomly divided into 5 groups with 3 replicates per group and 15 broilers per replicate. Broilers in control group （CON） was housed at （24±1）℃ throughout the day and fed a basal diet， and broilers in the other groups were subjected to heat stress （（32±1）℃ from 09：00 to 17：00 daily and （24±1）℃ otherwise） and fed basal diets supplemented with 0 （HS group）， 100 （HS+EGO-L group）， 200 （HS+EGO-M group）， and 300 （HS+EGO-H group） mg/kg EGO. The experiment lasted 21 d. During the trial period， the growth performance was statistically analyzed. At the end of the trial， subwing vein blood， intestinal tissues and cecal contents of broilers were collected to determine serum biochemical indicators， intestinal tissue morphology， and cecal microflora， respectively. Result ①Compared with CON group， the final body weight （FBW）， average daily feed intake （ADFI）， and average daily gain （ADG） of broilers in HS group were significantly decreased （P<0.05）， and the F/G was significantly increased （P<0.05）. The total bilirubin （TBIL） content and alkaline phosphatase （ALP） activity in serum of broilers in HS group were significantly increased （P<0.05）， while the calcium and phosphorus levels in serum were significantly decreased （P<0.05）. Serum superoxide dismutase （SOD） activity of broilers in HS group was significantly decreased （P<0.05）， and malondialdehyde （MDA） content was significantly increased （P<0.05）. Heat stress significantly reduced the villus height （VH） in duodenum and jejunum of broilers in HS group （P<0.05）. Cecal microflora analysis revealed a significant decrease in Simpson index （P<0.05） and a significant increase in Shannon index （P<0.05）， along with altered Beta diversity. The relative abundance of Firmicutes of broilers in HS group increased， the relative abundance of Bacteroidetes decreased， the ratio of Firmicutes to Bacteroidetes （F/B） increased， and the relative abundance of Eisenbergiella and Butyricicoccus of broilers in HS group were specifically proliferated. ②Compared with HS group， FBW and ADG of broilers in HS+EGO-M and HS+EGO-H groups were significantly increased （P<0.05）， and F/G in HS+EGO-H group was significantly decreased （P<0.05）. Serum ALP activity of broilers in HS+EGO-H group was significantly decreased （P<0.05）， while serum phosphorus level in HS+EGO-M and HS+EGO-H groups was significantly increased （P<0.05）. Serum calcium level in each EGO group was significantly increased and MDA content was significantly decreased （P<0.05）. VH in duodenum of HS+EGO-L and HS+EGO-M groups and jejunum of HS+EGO-H group was significantly increased （P<0.05）. The relative abundance of Firmicutes in cecum of broilers in each EGO group was decreased， and the relative abundance of Bacteroidetes in HS+EGO-M and HS+EGO-H groups was increased， with a decrease in F/B ratio. The relative abundance of Christensenellaceae_R-7_group， Faecalibacterium， Blautia， and norank_o_RF39 in cecum of broilers in HS+EGO-H group were specifically proliferated. ③The Tuzzerella， norank_f_Oscillospiraceae， and Escherichia-Shigella showed significant or extremely significant positive correlation with serum MDA content （P<0.05 or P<0.01）， and Christensenellaceae_R-7_group， Lachnoclostridium， norank_o_Clostridia_UCG-014 and Akkermansia showed significant or extremely significant negative correlation with serum MDA content （P<0.05 or P<0.01）. Conclusion Under the experiment conditions， addition of EGO to feed could alleviate liver damage and oxidative stress in broilers under heat stress， improve the antioxidant capacity of the body， improve intestinal morphology， and modulate gut microbiota balance， and then improve the growth performance of broilers. A dosage of 300 mg/kg EGO was recommended for optimal efficacy.

Key words: heat stress; Eucalyptus globulus essential oil; growth performance; antioxidant capacity; intestinal health

中图分类号:

S831.5

姬真真, 程璞, 席磊, 刘统帅, 王永芬. 蓝桉精油对热应激肉鸡生长性能、血清生化指标、抗氧化能力及肠道健康的影响[J]. 中国畜牧兽医, 2026, 53(1): 136-150.

JI Zhenzhen, CHENG Pu, XI Lei, LIU Tongshuai, WANG Yongfen. Effects of Eucalyptus globulus Essential Oil on Growth Performance， Serum Biochemical Indicators， Antioxidant Capacity and Intestinal Health of Broilers Under Heat Stress[J]. China Animal Husbandry & Veterinary Medicine, 2026, 53(1): 136-150.

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组成 Ingredients	含量 Contents	营养成分 Nutrient components^②	含量 Contents
玉米 Corn	61.87	代谢能 ME/（MJ/kg）	12.52
豆粕 Soybean meal	30.00	粗蛋白质 CP	20.38
鱼粉 Fish meal	1.80	钙 Ca	0.95
豆油 Soybean oil	2.50	有效磷 AP	0.43
磷酸氢钙 CaHPO₄	1.45	赖氨酸 Lys	1.14
石粉 Limestone	1.20	蛋氨酸 Met	0.47
赖氨酸 Lysine	0.03
蛋氨酸 Methionine	0.15
食盐 NaCl	0.30
预混料 Premix^①	0.70
总计 Total	100.00

项目 Items	组别 Groups					标准误 SEM	P值 P-value
项目 Items	CON	HS	HS+EGO-L	HS+EGO-M	HS+EGO-H	标准误 SEM	处理Treatment	线性 Linear	二次 Quadratic
初始体重 IBW/g	822.33	829.33	829.33	826.33	824.00	6.667	0.998	0.995	0.937
终末体重 FBW/g	2 688.67^a	2 179.00^d	2 281.33^cd	2 386.00^bc	2 469.67^b	50.623	<0.001	0.539	0.005
平均日采食量 ADFI/g	161.16^a	131.08^b	138.17^b	143.30^b	142.29^b	3.142	0.008	0.266	0.038
平均日增重 ADG/g	88.87^a	64.27^d	69.14^cd	74.27^bc	78.37^c	2.418	<0.001	0.540	0.004
料重比 F/G	1.81^b	2.04^a	2.00^a	1.93^ab	1.82^b	0.030	0.012	0.652	0.005

项目 Items	组别 Groups					标准误 SEM	P值 P-value
项目 Items	CON	HS	HS+EGO-L	HS+EGO-M	HS+EGO-H	标准误 SEM	处理Treatment	线性 Linear	二次 Quadratic
总胆红素 TBIL/（μmol/L）	1.88^b	2.77^a	3.02^a	3.02^a	2.43^ab	0.130	0.017	0.146	0.002
总蛋白 TP/（g/L）	30.78	31.12	28.62	27.65	30.08	0.623	0.360	0.277	0.307
白蛋白 ALB/（g/L）	12.27	12.97	12.50	12.05	12.55	0.157	0.449	0.758	0.917
球蛋白 GLO/（g/L）	18.52	18.15	16.12	15.60	17.53	0.606	0.498	0.300	0.286
白球比 A/G	0.70	0.73	0.78	0.78	0.74	0.021	0.720	0.365	0.391
谷丙转氨酶 ALT/（U/L）	3.00	3.33	5.00	3.50	3.17	0.341	0.364	0.840	0.292
谷草转氨酶 AST/（U/L）	660.83	639.50	766.00	621.83	626.50	42.889	0.841	0.781	0.809
碱性磷酸酶 ALP/（U/L）	495.17^b	786.17^a	763.83^a	640.33^ab	484.50^b	40.787	0.030	0.571	0.007
葡萄糖 GLU/（mmol/L）	11.07	13.65	11.68	11.37	11.57	0.411	0.301	0.671	0.621
总胆固醇 TC/（mmol/L）	4.24	4.07	4.27	4.35	4.09	0.065	0.620	0.969	0.866
甘油三酯 TG/（mmol/L）	0.66	0.72	0.71	0.89	0.53	0.044	0.139	0.768	0.206
高密度脂蛋白 HDL/（mmol/L）	2.84	2.72	2.84	2.76	2.85	0.047	0.886	0.902	0.853
低密度脂蛋白 LDL/（mmol/L）	2.47	2.38	2.55	2.55	2.45	0.045	0.757	0.671	0.810
肌酐 CRE/（μmol/L）	22.17	19.33	18.33	18.00	18.33	0.779	0.444	0.103	0.148
尿素 UREA/（mmol/L）	0.65^ab	0.65^ab	0.55^b	0.57^b	0.73^a	0.020	0.014	0.562	0.016
钙 Ca/（mmol/L）	1.26^a	1.07^c	1.18^b	1.21^ab	1.27^a	0.016	<0.001	0.139	0.001
磷 P/（mmol/L）	2.07^b	1.99^c	2.04^bc	2.09^ab	2.14^a	0.013	<0.001	0.004	<0.001

项目 Items	组别 Groups					标准误 SEM	P值 P-value
项目 Items	CON	HS	HS+EGO-L	HS+EGO-M	HS+EGO-H	标准误 SEM	处理Treatment	线性 Linear	二次 Quadratic
超氧化物歧化酶 SOD/（U/mL）	3.62^a	2.29^b	3.29^ab	3.29^ab	3.22^ab	0.160	0.086	0.860	0.540
过氧化氢酶 CAT/（U/mL）	29.94	29.66	31.68	26.37	27.82	1.514	0.853	0.490	0.757
谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶 GSH-Px/（U/mL）	134.80	138.68	137.87	141.68	140.40	3.607	0.984	0.587	0.851
丙二醛 MDA/（nmol/mL）	18.52^b	22.55^a	17.87^b	18.75^b	17.02^b	0.588	0.021	0.103	0.125

项目 Items	组别 Groups					标准误 SEM	P值 P-value
项目 Items	CON	HS	HS+EGO-L	HS+EGO-M	HS+EGO-H	标准误 SEM	处理Treatment	线性 Linear	二次 Quadratic
十二指肠 Duodenum
绒毛高度 VH/μｍ	764.20^a	681.15^b	759.56^a	763.68^a	726.15^ab	12.138	0.125	0.942	0.985
隐窝深度 CD/μｍ	115.49	109.33	111.80	115.76	112.87	1.116	0.342	0.883	0.698
绒隐比 V/C	6.62	6.25	6.79	6.60	6.44	0.088	0.380	0.988	0.924
空肠 Jejunum
绒毛高度 VH/μｍ	713.05^a	645.91^b	681.43^ab	679.42^ab	738.20^a	9.932	0.026	0.239	0.012
隐窝深度 CD/μｍ	108.68	111.09	118.93	116.71	111.87	1.817	0.379	0.360	0.178
绒隐比 V/C	6.58	5.85	5.77	5.87	6.66	0.141	0.093	0.849	0.017
回肠 Iieum
绒毛高度 VH/μｍ	561.89	556.60	587.88	554.97	572.37	5.974	0.402	0.655	0.848
隐窝深度 CD/μｍ	119.79	122.69	121.30	114.84	118.78	1.216	0.316	0.258	0.512
绒隐比 VH/CD	4.70	4.55	4.85	4.84	4.82	0.056	0.376	0.171	0.395