中国畜牧兽医 ›› 2026, Vol. 53 ›› Issue (2): 543-554.doi: 10.16431/j.cnki.1671-7236.2026.02.003

• 综述 • 上一篇    下一篇

微生物种质资源挖掘及选育技术研究进展

史佳琦(), 王城名, 王文婧, 张卓雅, 杨立杰()   

  1. 山东农业大学动物科技学院,非粮饲料资源高效利用重点实验室(部省共建),山东省畜禽营养与高效饲养重点实验室,泰安 271018
  • 修回日期:2025-09-03 出版日期:2026-02-20 发布日期:2026-01-28
  • 通讯作者: 杨立杰 E-mail:Sjq77317@163.com;yanglijie@sdau.edu.cn
  • 作者简介:史佳琦,E-mail:Sjq77317@163.com
  • 基金资助:
    新疆维吾尔自治区中央引导地方科技发展资金(ZYYD2025QY06);山东省青年科技人才托举工程(SDAST2024QTB010)

Research Progress on the Exploration and Breeding of Microbial Germplasm Resources

SHI Jiaqi(), WANG Chengming, WANG Wenjing, ZHANG Zhuoya, YANG Lijie()   

  1. Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Efficient Feeding,Key Laboratory of Efficient Utilization of Non-grain Feed Resources,Co-construction by Ministry and Province,College of Animal Science and Technology,Shandong Agricultural University,Tai’an 271018,China
  • Revised:2025-09-03 Online:2026-02-20 Published:2026-01-28
  • Contact: YANG Lijie E-mail:Sjq77317@163.com;yanglijie@sdau.edu.cn

摘要:

微生物是地球上储量最丰富的生物群体,在人类生产、健康和生活中均扮演着重要的角色。传统挖掘培养方案相对落后,只有极少一部分微生物能够被培养。近年来,随着高通量测序技术的飞速发展,培养组学逐渐进入研究者的视野,并在微生物种质资源的开发中显示出巨大的应用潜力,如通过多种培养条件结合基质辅助激光解吸时间飞行质谱(MALDI-TOF MS)技术成功在畜禽肠道、森林或海洋沉积物等环境中筛选出新菌株,为微生物资源挖掘提供了新途径。与此同时,通过构建微生物细胞工厂、解析非模式菌株代谢网络及设计合成微生物群落,为微生物的定向改造与功能强化提供了新思路,如通过构建微生物细胞工厂,可实现青蒿酸、聚羟基脂肪酸酯等产物的高效合成;基于嗜热菌、耐盐放线菌等非模式菌株开发的新型底盘细胞,突破了传统模式菌的代谢限制;而合成微生物群落优化了复杂产物的生物合成途径,提高了微生物的筛选与培养效率。文章综述了近年来微生物种质资源挖掘及选育技术,重点论述了培养组学及其他技术手段的联合应用策略,并整合了微生物细胞工厂构建、非模式菌株改造及合成微生物群落设计等方面的研究进展及其在不同领域的应用与挑战,以期为中国微生物种质资源的挖掘与高效应用提供理论基础与技术参考。

关键词: 微生物; 培养组学; 种质资源; MALDI-TOF MS; 微生物细胞工厂; 合成生物学

Abstract:

Microorganisms are the most abundant biological groups on the earth, exerting crucial functions in diverse aspects of human existence, spanning production, healthcare, and daily routines. Nevertheless, the traditional methodologies employed for microbial cultivation and exploration have remained relatively primitive, which means that merely an infinitesimal proportion of microorganisms can be successfully cultured under such circumstances. In recent time, propelled by the remarkable advancements in high throughput sequencing, culturomics has progressively captured the attention of researchers and revealed remarkable potential for application in the pursuit of microbial germplasm resources. For example, by combining multiple culture conditions with matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS), new strains have been successfully screened from environments like the intestines of livestock and poultry, as well as forest or marine sediments, providing novel approach for the exploration of microbial resources. Meanwhile, synthetic biology offers fresh ideas for the directed modification and functional enhancement of microorganisms. It achieves this by constructing microbial cell factories, analyzing the metabolic networks of non-model strains, and designing and synthesizing microbial communities. For instance, the construction of microbial cell factories has enabled the efficient biosynthesis of products such as artemisinic acid and polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs). New chassis cells developed from non-model strains (e.g., thermophiles and halotolerant actinomycetes) have overcome the metabolic limitations of traditional model bacteria. Additionally, synthetic microbial communities have optimized biosynthetic pathways for complex products and improved the efficiency of microbial screening and cultivation. This review summarizes recent advances in the exploration and breeding of microbial germplasm resources, with a focus on the combined application strategies of culturomics and other technical approaches. It integrates the research progress in constructing microbial cell factories, modifying non-model strains, and designing synthetic microbial communities, along with their applications and challenges in diverse fields, so as to provide theoretical foundation and technical reference for the efficient exploration and utilization of microbial germplasm resources in China.

Key words: microorganism; culturomics; germplasm resources; MALDI-TOF MS; microbial cell factory; synthetic biology

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