甘草粗多糖对苜蓿青贮品质、抗氧化活性、微生物群落结构及体外瘤胃发酵参数的影响

doi:10.16431/j.cnki.1671-7236.2026.01.014

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

目的试验旨在研究添加甘草粗多糖（GP）对苜蓿青贮品质、抗氧化活性、微生物群落结构及体外瘤胃发酵参数的影响，为利用当地特色中草药活性成分调制优质苜蓿青贮饲料和开发功能性饲草产品提供理论依据和实践参考。方法以初花期紫花苜蓿为试验材料，试验分为4个处理组，每组4个重复，分别在紫花苜蓿中添加0（对照组，CK）、0.5%（GP1）、1.0%（GP2）和1.5%（GP3）甘草粗多糖，青贮60 d后分析苜蓿青贮的营养成分、发酵品质、抗氧化活性、微生物群落结构及体外瘤胃发酵参数。结果与CK组相比，①添加甘草粗多糖显著提高了苜蓿青贮的干物质（DM）、粗脂肪（EE）、总多糖（TP）含量，乳酸菌（LAB）数量，总抗氧化能力（T-AOC）、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶（GSH-Px）活性，以及DDPH活性自由基清除率（P<0.05），显著降低了苜蓿青贮pH和酵母菌数量（P<0.05）；GP2和GP3组的可溶性碳水化合物（WSC）、乳酸（LA）含量和超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）活性均显著升高（P<0.05）；GP3组的中性洗涤纤维（NDF）和丙酸（PA）含量均显著降低（P<0.05）。②添加甘草粗多糖降低了苜蓿青贮中蓝藻菌门（Cyanobacteria）和未分类蓝藻细菌（unclassified_p_Cyanobacteria）的相对丰度，提高了厚壁菌门（Firmicutes）、蒙氏肠球菌（Enterococcus mundtii）、乳酸片球菌（Pediococcus acidilactici）和植物乳杆菌（Lactiplantibacillus plantarum）的相对丰度；GP2组的旧金山果乳杆菌（Fructilactobacillus sanfranciscensis）的相对丰度明显提高；GP1和GP3组的马胃葡萄球菌（Staphylococcus equorum）和表皮葡萄球菌（Staphylococcus epidermidis）的相对丰度明显提高。相关性分析结果显示，未分类蓝藻细菌相对丰度与pH和酵母菌数目呈显著正相关（P<0.05），而与LA含量和LAB数量呈显著负相关（P<0.05）。植物乳杆菌相对丰度与酵母菌数目呈显著负相关（P<0.05）。③添加甘草粗多糖显著提高了苜蓿青贮的体外干物质消化率（IVDMD）和体外中性洗涤纤维消化率（IVNDFD）（P<0.05）。结论本试验条件下，添加甘草粗多糖可提高苜蓿青贮品质、抗氧化活性和体外瘤胃发酵参数，并能提高苜蓿青贮有益菌丰度。综合考虑，添加1.0%甘草粗多糖对苜蓿青贮品质的改善效果最佳。

关键词: 甘草粗多糖; 发酵品质; 抗氧化活性; 微生物群落结构; 体外瘤胃发酵

Abstract:

Objective The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of Glycyrrhiza crude polysaccharides （GP） supplementation on alfalfa silage quality， antioxidant activity， microbial community structure， and in vitro rumen fermentation parameters， so as to provide theoretical and practical references for utilizing local characteristic Chinese herbal medicine active ingredients to modulate high-quality alfalfa silage and develop functional forage products. Method Alfalfa （Medicago sativa L.） at the early flowering stage was used as the experimental material. The experiment was divided into 4 treatments with 4 replicates. Each treatment was supplemented with 0 （control group， CK）， 0.5% （GP1）， 1.0% （GP2）， and 1.5% （GP3）GP， respectively. After 60 days of ensiling， the nutritional composition， fermentation quality， antioxidant activity， microbial community structure， and in vitro rumen fermentation parameters of alfalfa silage were analyzed. Result Compared with CK group， ①GP supplementation significantly increased the contents of dry matter （DM）， ether extract （EE）， and total polysaccharides （TP）， the number of lactic acid bacteria （LAB）， total antioxidant capacity （T-AOC）， glutathione peroxidase （GSH-Px） activity， and DDPH free radical scavenging rate of alfalfa silage （P<0.05）. Conversely， GP supplementation significantly reduced silage pH and yeast counts （P<0.05）. The contents of water-soluble carbohydrates （WSC） and lactic acid （LA）， and superoxide dismutase （SOD） activity in GP2 and GP3 groups were significantly increased （P<0.05）. The contents of neutral detergent fiber （NDF） and propionic acid （PA） in GP3 group were significantly decreased （P<0.05）. ②GP supplementation decreased the relative abundances of Cyanobacteria and unclassified_p_Cyanobacteria in alfalfa silage while increased the relative abundances of Firmicutes， Enterococcus mundtii， Pediococcus acidilactici， and Lactiplantibacillus plantarum. Specifically， the relative abundance of Fructilactobacillus sanfranciscensis in GP2 group showed a marked increase， whereas the relative abundances of Staphylococcusequorum and Staphylococcus epidermidis in GP1 and GP3 groups exhibited significant increase. Correlation analysis results revealed that the relative abundance of unclassified_p_Cyanobacteria was significantly positively correlated with pH and yeast counts （P<0.05）， while was significantly negatively correlated with LA content and LAB counts （P<0.05）. The relative abundance of Lactiplantibacillus plantarum was significantly negatively correlated with yeast counts （P<0.05）. ③GP supplementation significantly increased the in vitro dry matter digestibility （IVDMD） and in vitro neutral detergent fiber digestibility （IVNDFD） of alfalfa silage （P<0.05）. Conclusion Under the experimental conditions， GP supplementation could improve alfalfa silage quality， antioxidant activity， and in vitro rumen fermentation parameters， and enhance the abundance of beneficial bacteria. Overall， adding 1.0% GP provided the optimal improvement in alfalfa silage quality.

Key words: Glycyrrhiza crude polysaccharide; silage quality; antioxidant activity; microbial community structure; in vitro ruminal fermentation

中图分类号:

S816.71

王旭敖, 周小栋, 马小婧, 马成艳, 张嘉琦, 黄帅. 甘草粗多糖对苜蓿青贮品质、抗氧化活性、微生物群落结构及体外瘤胃发酵参数的影响[J]. 中国畜牧兽医, 2026, 53(1): 151-164.

WANG Xuao, ZHOU Xiaodong, MA Xiaojing, MA Chengyan, ZHANG Jiaqi, HUANG Shuai. Effects of Glycyrrhiza Crude Polysaccharide on Silage Quality， Antioxidant Activity， Microbial Community Structure， and in vitro Ruminal Fermentation Parameters of Alfalfa Silage[J]. China Animal Husbandry & Veterinary Medicine, 2026, 53(1): 151-164.

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项目 Items	含量 Contents
干物质 DM/% FM	40.02±0.13
粗蛋白质 CP/% DM	21.77±0.60
粗脂肪 EE/% DM	2.57±0.60
可溶性碳水化合物 WSC/% DM	4.23±0.12
中性洗涤纤维 NDF/% DM	41.95±1.16
酸性洗涤纤维 ADF/% DM	27.11±1.45
乳酸菌 LAB/（lg CFU/g FM）	6.14±0.11
酵母菌 Yeast/（lg CFU/g FM）	6.12±0.17
霉菌 Mold/（lg CFU/g FM）	5.11±0.12
总多糖 TP/% DM	1.09±1.41

项目 Items	组别 Groups
项目 Items	CK	GP1	GP2	GP3
干物质 DM/% FM	35.18±0.16^b	36.85±0.66^a	37.02±0.34^a	37.55±0.34^a
粗蛋白质 CP/% DM	19.24±0.75	19.43±0.25	19.79±0.52	19.96±0.33
粗脂肪 EE/% DM	2.59±0.07^c	3.97±0.40^b	4.86±0.38^a	5.28±0.10^a
可溶性碳水化合物 WSC/% DM	3.99±0.25^b	4.42±0.24^b	6.80±0.24^a	7.21±0.75^a
中性洗涤纤维 NDF/% DM	40.77±0.63^a	38.69±0.49^a	37.85±0.49^ab	37.82±0.99^b
酸性洗涤纤维 ADF/% DM	31.61±0.48	31.23±0.41	30.95±0.80	31.24±0.63

项目 Items	组别 Groups
项目 Items	CK	GP1	GP2	GP3
pH	5.33±0.04^a	5.04±0.03^b	4.96±0.01^b	5.01±0.02^b
氨态氮/总氮 NH₃-N/TN/% DM	1.73±0.23	1.55±0.14	1.52±0.10	1.58±0.09
乳酸 LA/% DM	4.10±0.17^c	6.02±0.61^bc	7.35±0.89^ab	8.32±0.71^a
乙酸 AA/% DM	0.70±0.12	0.71±0.08	0.69±0.06	0.68±0.09
丙酸 PA/% DM	0.23±0.05^a	0.17±0.01^ab	0.17±0.03^ab	0.10±0.03^b
丁酸 BA/% DM	ND	ND	ND	ND
乳酸菌 LAB/（lg CFU/g FM）	6.68±0.03^c	7.61±0.12^b	7.89±0.10^ab	8.03±0.09^a
酵母菌 Yeast/（lg CFU/g FM）	3.95±0.06^a	3.52±0.17^b	3.44±0.21^b	3.30±0.12^b
霉菌 Mold/（lg CFU/g FM）	ND	ND	ND	ND

项目 Items	组别 Groups
项目 Items	CK	GP1	GP2	GP3
DDPH自由基清除率 DDPH active radical scavenging/%	89.12±1.13^c	92 .86±0.76^ab	93.71±0.60^a	91.96±0.60^b
谷胱甘肽过氧化氢酶GSH-Px/（U/g）	120.37±16.55^c	337.34±46.71^b	436.16±25.73^a	459.19±54.72^a
超氧化物歧化酶 SOD/（U/g）	96.59±2.35^b	99.65±3.72^b	125.99±11.27^a	125.47±8.69^a
总抗氧化能力T-AOC/（mmol/g）	0.34±0.04^d	0.44±0.02^c	0.54±0.04^b	0.74±0.01^a
总多糖 TP/% DM	1.04±0.04^b	1.31±0.14^a	1.47±0.14^a	1.50±0.19^a