双羔滩羊母子一体化高效饲养体系的构建

doi:10.16431/j.cnki.1671-7236.2025.12.010

摘要/Abstract

摘要： 【目的】探究不同饲粮营养水平对围产期(产前60 d至羔羊断奶)双羔滩羊母羊及其羔羊生长性能、母羊养分表观消化率、血清生化指标、乳成分及瘤胃微生物的影响，以筛选母子一体化高效饲养体系最佳适宜饲粮方案。【方法】选用16只体况良好、体重相近(40.79 kg±1.26 kg)、2～3岁妊娠后期滩羊母羊，采用单因子随机设计分成4组，每组4只，分别饲喂4种不同营养水平的全价颗粒料，试验Ⅰ组为基础饲粮100%水平(代谢能8.00 MJ/kg，粗蛋白质13.10%)，试验Ⅱ组为基础饲粮115%水平(代谢能9.20 MJ/kg，粗蛋白质15.06%)，试验Ⅲ组为基础饲粮130%水平(代谢能10.40 MJ/kg，粗蛋白质16.93%)，试验Ⅳ组为基础饲粮145%水平(代谢能11.60 MJ/kg，粗蛋白质19.00%)。预饲期10 d，正试期125 d。试验结束后称母羊体重，羔羊出生后称羔羊初生重和平均日增重，并记录母羊发情时间；产前15 d开展母羊消化代谢试验，收集饲料、粪便和尿液，测定其养分表观消化率；在产前30 d、分娩日和产后30 d对母羊进行静脉采血，测定生化指标；于产后1、10、20、30和45 d采集羊乳样品，检测乳成分；产后7 d采集母羊瘤胃液，进行宏基因组测序。【结果】：①与试验Ⅰ组相比，试验Ⅲ和Ⅳ组母羊终末体重和羔羊初生重均显著增加(P＜0.05)，羔羊断奶日龄显著减小(P＜0.05)，且试验Ⅲ与Ⅳ组间上述指标差异不显著(P＞0.05)。②母羊干物质、粗蛋白质、有机物、粗脂肪、中性洗涤纤维和酸性洗涤纤维表观消化率随着营养水平提高呈上升趋势；试验Ⅳ组母羊干物质、有机物和粗脂肪表观消化率显著高于试验Ⅰ组(P＜0.05)，母羊粗蛋白质表观消化率显著高于试验Ⅰ和Ⅱ组(P＜0.05)。③分娩日，与试验Ⅱ组相比，试验Ⅲ组母羊血清总胆固醇含量显著增加(P＜0.05)；产前30 d，与试验Ⅰ组相比，试验Ⅲ组母羊血清甘油三酯含量显著增加(P＜0.05)，试验Ⅳ组母羊血清葡萄糖含量显著增加(P＜0.05)；与试验Ⅲ组相比，试验Ⅳ组母羊血清总蛋白含量显著增加(P＜0.05)。④各试验组间母羊初乳与常乳中乳蛋白、乳糖、全乳固体和乳尿素氮含量均无显著差异(P＞0.05)，乳脂率随营养水平提高呈上升趋势。⑤瘤胃微生物多样性分析显示，试验Ⅳ组母羊瘤胃液的香侬指数(Shannon index)显著高于试验Ⅲ组(P＜0.05)；主坐标分析(PCoA)显示，各试验组瘤胃微生物区系有显著差异(P＜0.05)；门水平上，与试验Ⅰ和Ⅳ组相比，试验Ⅲ组瘤胃中拟杆菌门丰度提高，厚壁菌门丰度降低；属水平上，与试验Ⅰ和Ⅳ组相比，试验Ⅲ组瘤胃液的拟杆菌属(unclassified_o_Bacteroidales)、普雷沃菌属(Prevotella)和瘤胃球菌属(Ruminococcus)丰度提高。KEGG(第三层级)富集分析显示，与试验Ⅰ和Ⅳ组相比，试验Ⅲ组氨基酸和核苷酸糖代谢、柠檬酸循环、其他聚糖降解、鞘脂代谢、叶酸生物合成、谷胱甘肽代谢、缬氨酸/亮氨酸/异亮氨酸降解、维生素B₆代谢和糖胺聚糖降解等代谢通路显著富集(P＜0.05)；与试验Ⅰ和Ⅳ组相比，试验Ⅲ组糖基转移酶、糖苷水解酶家族和参与能量代谢的碳水化合物活性酶相对丰度显著提高(P＜0.05)。【结论】在本试验条件下，产前60 d至羔羊断奶的双羔滩羊母羊的最佳饲粮营养水平的代谢能和粗蛋白质水平分别为10.40 MJ/kg和16.93%。

关键词: 双羔滩羊; 生长性能; 乳成分; 血清生化指标; 表观消化率; 瘤胃微生物

Abstract: 【Objective】 This experiment aimed to investigate the effects of different dietary nutrient levels on the growth performance of double-lamb Tan sheep and their lambs,as well as on the ewe’s nutrient apparent digestibility,serum biochemical parameters,milk composition,and rumen microbiota during the peripartum period (from 60 days prepartum to lamb weaning).The aim was to identify the optimal dietary regimen for an integrated ewe-lamb high-efficiency feeding system. 【Method】 Sixteen healthy,late-pregnancy Tan ewes (2-3 years old) with similar body weight (40.00 kg±2.00 kg) were selected and randomly divided into four groups using a single-factor randomized design,with four ewes per group.Each group was fed one of four pelleted complete diets with different nutrient levels:Group Ⅰ received a basal diet at 100% level (ME 8.00 MJ/kg,CP 13.10%),group Ⅱ at 115% level (ME 9.20 MJ/kg,CP 15.06%),group Ⅲ at 130% level (ME 10.40 MJ/kg,CP 16.93%),and group Ⅳ at 145% level (ME 11.60 MJ/kg,CP 19.00%).The experiment included a 10-day adaptation period followed by a 125-day formal trial.At the end of the experiment,the ewes were weighed.After lambing,the birth weight and average daily gain of the lambs were recorded,and the estrus time of the ewes was also documented.A digestibility and metabolism trial was conducted 15 days before parturition,during which feed,feces,and urine samples were collected to determine the apparent digestibility of nutrients.Venous blood samples were obtained from the ewes at 30 days prepartum,on the day of parturition,and at 30 days postpartum for biochemical analysis.Milk samples were collected on days 1,10,20,30 and 45 postpartum for milk composition determination.Rumen fluid was collected from the ewes 7 days postpartum for metagenomic sequencing. 【Result】 ① Compared with group Ⅰ,final ewe body weight and lamb birth weight were significantly higher in groups Ⅲ and Ⅳ (P＜0.05),while lamb weaning age was significantly lower (P＜0.05).No significant differences were observed between groups Ⅲ and Ⅳ for these indices (P＜0.05).② Apparent digestibility of dry matter,crude protein,organic matter,crude fat,neutral detergent fiber,and acid detergent fiber in ewes showed an increasing trend with rising dietary nutrient levels.Digestibility of dry matter,organic matter,and crude fat in group Ⅳ was significantly higher than that in group Ⅰ (P＜0.05),and crude protein digestibility was significantly higher than that in groups Ⅰ and Ⅱ (P＜0.05).③ On the day of lambing,serum total cholesterol content in group Ⅲ was significantly higher than in group Ⅱ (P＜0.05).At 30 days prepartum,serum triglyceride content in group Ⅲ was significantly higher than in group Ⅰ (P＜0.05),serum glucose content in group Ⅳ was significantly higher than in group Ⅰ (P＜0.05),and serum total protein content in group Ⅳ was significantly higher than in group Ⅲ (P＜0.05).All serum parameters under the four diets remained within normal physiological ranges for ewes.④ No significant differences were observed in colostrum and mature milk contents of milk protein,lactose,total solids,or milk urea nitrogen among the groups (P＞0.05).Milk fat content showed an increasing trend with higher nutrient levels.⑤ Rumen microbiota analysis:The Shannon index in group Ⅳ was significantly higher than that in group Ⅲ (P＜0.05).Principal coordinate analysis revealed significant differences in microbial community structure among groups (P＜0.05).At the phylum level,group Ⅲ exhibited a significantly higher abundance of Bacteroidetes and a lower abundance of Firmicutes compared to groups Ⅰ and Ⅳ (P＜0.05).At the genus level,the abundances of unclassified_o_Bacteroidales,Prevotella,and Ruminococcus were significantly higher in group Ⅲ than in groups Ⅰ and Ⅳ (P＜0.05).KEGG (level 3) pathway analysis indicated that group Ⅲ had significantly enriched pathways compared to groups Ⅰ and Ⅳ,including amino acid and nucleotide sugar metabolism,citrate cycle (TCA cycle),other glycan degradation,sphingolipid metabolism,folate biosynthesis,glutathione metabolism,valine/leucine/isoleucine degradation,vitamin B₆ metabolism,and glycosaminoglycan degradation (P＜0.05).Furthermore,compared to groups Ⅰ and Ⅱ,group Ⅲ showed a significant increase in the relative abundance of glycosyltransferases,glycoside hydrolases,and carbohydrate-active enzymes involved in energy metabolism (P＜0.05). 【Conclusion】 Under the conditions of this experiment,the optimal dietary nutrient levels of metabolizable energy and crude protein for double-lamb Tan sheep,during the period from 60 days prepartum to lamb weaning,were 10.40 MJ/kg and 16.93%,respectively.

Key words: double-lamb Tan sheep; growth performance; milk composition; serum biochemical parameters; apparent digestibility; rumen microbiota

中图分类号:

S826

张力, 杨冲, 王倩, 刘统高, 吴爽, 任宇佳, 陈玉林, 王小龙, 周世卫. 双羔滩羊母子一体化高效饲养体系的构建[J]. 中国畜牧兽医, 2025, 52(12): 5637-5650.

ZHANG Li, YANG Chong, WANG Qian, LIU Tonggao, WU Shuang, REN Yujia, CHEN Yulin, WANG Xiaolong, ZHOU Shiwei. Construction of Mother-lamb Integrated High-efficiency Feeding System for Double-lamb Tan Sheep[J]. China Animal Husbandry & Veterinary Medicine, 2025, 52(12): 5637-5650.

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