中国畜牧兽医 ›› 2026, Vol. 53 ›› Issue (1): 71-80.doi: 10.16431/j.cnki.1671-7236.2026.01.007
多倩倩1,2(
), 赵妍1,2, 陈贺1, 邵伟2, 郑楠3, 王成1, 赵艳坤1,2,3(
)
收稿日期:2025-04-10
出版日期:2026-01-05
发布日期:2025-12-26
通讯作者:
赵艳坤
E-mail:1275297857@qq.com;yankunzhao90@163.com
作者简介:多倩倩,E-mail: 1275297857@qq.com
基金资助:
DUO Qianqian1,2(
), ZHAO Yan1,2, CHEN He1, SHAO Wei2, ZHENG Nan3, WANG Cheng1, ZHAO Yankun1,2,3(
)
Received:2025-04-10
Online:2026-01-05
Published:2025-12-26
Contact:
ZHAO Yankun
E-mail:1275297857@qq.com;yankunzhao90@163.com
摘要:
驼乳因其独特风味和丰富营养而备受青睐。挥发性风味物质是构成其风味特征的关键载体,也是影响驼乳品质与产业发展的核心要素。笔者系统阐述了驼乳中醛、酮、酸、酯类等主要风味化合物的组成与特征;分析了驼乳风味物质通过脂质代谢、蛋白质水解和碳水化合物代谢等途径的形成机制;总结了储藏条件、包装方式、热处理强度、饲料成分、季节因素以及候选基因与调控因子对驼乳风味物质的影响。文章旨在为驼乳资源的高值化开发、特色风味乳制品创新以及驼乳风味与品质的调控提供理论依据。
中图分类号:
多倩倩, 赵妍, 陈贺, 邵伟, 郑楠, 王成, 赵艳坤. 驼乳挥发性风味物质及形成机制研究进展[J]. 中国畜牧兽医, 2026, 53(1): 71-80.
DUO Qianqian, ZHAO Yan, CHEN He, SHAO Wei, ZHENG Nan, WANG Cheng, ZHAO Yankun. Research Progress on Volatile Flavor Compounds and Their Formation Mechanism in Camel Milk[J]. China Animal Husbandry & Veterinary Medicine, 2026, 53(1): 71-80.
表1
脂质热解常见挥发性成分[39]"
类别 Categories | 化合物 Compound | 香味阈值 Aroma threshold/(μg/kg) | 风味描述 Flavor description |
|---|---|---|---|
| 醛类 Aldehydes | 己醛 | 4.5、5 | 脂肪、青草味 |
| 庚醛 | 3 | 脂肪、塑料臭味 | |
| 辛醛 | 0.7 | 脂肪、肥皂、谷物味 | |
| 壬醛 | 1、8 | 清新、油脂、甜味 | |
| 癸醛 | 0.1~0.2 | 油脂、金属、橙皮味 | |
| 苯甲醛 | 350 | 杏仁、坚果味 | |
| 苯乙醛 | 8.0 | 花香、丁香、甜味 | |
| (E)-2-庚烯醛 | 13 | 脂肪、杏仁、生青味 | |
| (E)-2-壬烯醛 | 0.28、0.08 | 脂肪、油脂味 | |
| (E)-2-辛烯醛 | 3 | 黄瓜味 | |
| (E)-2-癸烯醛 | 0.3~0.4 | 牛脂、肉味 | |
| (E,E)-2,4-壬二烯醛 | 0.09 | 油脂、肥皂味 | |
| (E,E)-2,4-癸二烯醛 | 0.2、0.07 | 脂肪味 | |
| 2-十一烯醛 | 1.4 | 橘皮味 | |
| 十一醛 | 5 | 肥皂味 | |
| 醇类 Alcohols | 己醇 | 2 500 | 清新、奶酪味 |
| 辛醇 | 0.023 | 玫瑰、黄油、焦味 | |
| 庚醇 | 330 | 泥土、霉味 | |
| 戊醇 | 4 000 | 橡胶、香料味 | |
| 1-辛烯-3-醇 | 1 | 蘑菇、真菌、土豆味 | |
| 酮类 Ketones | 2-庚酮 | 140 | 霉味、奶酪味 |
| 2-壬酮 | 38.9 | 似乙醇、牛奶味 | |
| 酸类 Acids | 乙酸 | 22 000 | 酸味 |
| 己酸 | 3 000 | 汗酸味 | |
| 其他 Other | 十四烷 | 1 000 | — |
| 十五烷 | 13 000 | — | |
| 2-戊基呋喃 | 6 | 山楂、草香、豆味 | |
| 乙酸乙酯 | 0.08 | 醚香、果香味 |
| [1] | BURGER P A, CIANI E, FAYE B. Old world camels in a modern world—A balancing act between conservation and genetic improvement[J]. Animal Genetics, 2019, 50(6): 598-612. |
| [2] | 王建文, 任万路, 孙志文, 等. 马乳、驴乳、驼乳对小鼠生长性能、免疫及抗氧化指标的影响[J]. 中国乳品工业,2024,52(8):16-19. |
| WANG J W, REN W L, SUN Z W, et al. Effect of mare milk, donkey milk and camel milk on growth performance, immune index and antioxidant index of mice[J]. China Dairy Industry,2024,52(8):16-19. (in Chinese) | |
| [3] | MBYE M, AYYASH M, MOHAMED H, et al. Effects of ultrafiltration followed by heat or high-pressure treatment on camel and bovine milk cheeses[J]. NFS Journal, 2023, 31: 123-132. |
| [4] | MUTHUKUMARAN M S, MUDGIL P, BABA W N, et al. A comprehensive review on health benefits, nutritional composition and processed products of camel milk[J]. Food Reviews International, 2023, 39(6): 3080-3116. |
| [5] | ELSAHORYI N A, AL-SAYYED H F. Manufacture of Dairy and Non-dairy Camel Milk Products[M]. New York: Handbook of Research on Health and Environmental Benefits of Camel Products. IGI Global Scientific Publishing, 2020. |
| [6] | 李学贤, 张 雪, 童 灵, 等. 游离氨基酸改善作物风味品质综述[J]. 中国农业大学学报,2022,27(4):73-81 |
| LI X X, ZHANG X, TONG L, et al. Summary of free amino acids to improve crop flavor quality[J]. Journal of China Agricultural University,2022,27(4):73-81. (in Chinese) | |
| [7] | 迟雪露. 生牛乳风味活性物质解析及影响因素研究[D]. 乌鲁木齐: 新疆农业大学,2023. |
| CHI X L. Study on raw milk flavor profile and influenced factors [D].Urumqi: Xinjiang Agricultural University, 2023. (in Chinese) | |
| [8] | 刘庆雪, 肖梓军. 牦牛乳及其风味物质研究进展[J]. 乳业科学与技术,2022,45(5):53-58. |
| LIU Q X, XIAO Z J. Research progress on yak milk and its flavor substances[J]. Journal of Dairy Science and Technology,2022,45(5):53-58. (in Chinese) | |
| [9] | VALERO E, VILLAMIEL M, MIRALLES B, et al. Changes in flavour and volatile components during storage of whole and skimmed UHT milk[J]. Food Chemistry, 2001, 72(1): 51-58. |
| [10] | LICÓN C C, DE MENDOZA J H, MAGGI L, et al. Optimization of headspace sorptive extraction for the analysis of volatiles in pressed ewes’ milk cheese[J]. International Dairy Journal, 2012, 23(1): 53-61. |
| [11] | LIU H, HUI T, FANG F, et al. Characterization and discrimination of key aroma compounds in pre-and postrigor roasted mutton by GC-O-MS, GC E-nose and aroma recombination experiments[J]. Foods, 2021, 10(10): 2387. |
| [12] | 马瑞娟,许英瑞,薛元泰,等.牦牛乳风味物质及影响因素研究进展[J].食品工业科技,2020,41(10):363-368. |
| MA R J, XU Y R, XUE Y T, et al. Research progress on flavor substances and influencing factors of yak milk[J]. Science and Technology of Food Industry,2020,41(10):363-368. (in Chinese) | |
| [13] | 张晓梅,仝令君,迟雪露,等.奶牛乳,水牛乳与牦牛乳的挥发性风味物质分析[J].食品研究与开发, 2017, 38(18): 126-131. |
| ZHANG X M, TONG L J, CHI X L, et al. Analysis of volatile flavor components of cattle milk,buffalo milk and yak milk[J]. Food Research and Development, 2017, 38(18): 126-131. (in Chinese) | |
| [14] | MAJCHER M, JELEŃ H H. Comparison of suitability of SPME, SAFE and SDE methods for isolation of flavor compounds from extruded potato snacks[J]. Journal of Food Composition and Analysis, 2009, 22(6): 606-612. |
| [15] | 何艳艳,刘俊男,李瑞杰.等 .酱香型白酒风味及其关键物质分析技术研究进展[J].中国酿造,2024,43(11):1-7. |
| HE Y Y, LIU J N, LI R J . et al. Research progress on the flavor and key substance analysis techniques of sauce-flavor Baijiu[J]. China Brewing.2024,43(11):1-7. (in Chinese) | |
| [16] | 何 静,阿拉腾萨其拉,吉日木图.热处理对驼乳营养成分与挥发性风味物质的影响[J].食品与发酵工业,2021,47(22):208-213. |
| HE J, BATTULGA A, JIRI M. Effect of different heat treatment on the nutritional quality and volatile flavor compounds of camel milk[J].Food and Fermentation Industries,2021,47(22):208-213.(in Chinese) | |
| [17] | 陈银阁,张养东,李 宁,等.生乳中风味物质特征及来源研究进展[J].中国畜牧兽医,2024,51(3):1103-1110. |
| CHEN Y G, ZHANG Y D, LI N, et al. Research progresson flavour substance characteristics and sources in raw milk[J]. China Animal Husbandry & Veterinary Medicine,2024,51(3):1103-1110. (in Chinese) | |
| [18] | DAI L, HU S, PANG X, et al. Community diversity of psychrophilic bacteria in dairy farm raw milk and its characteristic enzyme production at different temperature[J]. Food Bioscience, 2023, 54: 102921. |
| [19] | SARHIR S T, AMANPOUR A, BOUSETA A, et al. Fingerprint of aroma-active compounds and odor activity values in a traditional Moroccan fermented butter “Smen” using GC-MS-olfactometry[J]. Journal of Food Composition and Analysis, 2021, 96: 103761. |
| [20] | LOFFI C, CAVANNA D, SAMMARCO G, et al. Non-targeted high-resolution mass spectrometry study for evaluation of milk freshness[J]. Journal of Dairy Science, 2021, 104(12): 12286-12294. |
| [21] | MCAULIFFE O, KILCAWLEY K, STEFANOVIC E. Symposium review: Genomic investigations of flavor formation by dairy microbiota[J]. Journal of Dairy Science, 2019, 102(1): 909-922. |
| [22] | XIAO Z, YU D, NIU Y, et al. Characterization of aroma compounds of Chinese famous liquors by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry and flash GC electronic-nose[J]. Journal of Chromatography B, 2014, 945: 92-100. |
| [23] | PANAGIOTIDIS P, TZIA C, SPANIER A M, et al. Effect of milk composition and heating on flavor and aroma of yogurt[J]. Special Publication-Royal Society of Chemistry, 2001, 274: 160-170. |
| [24] | CAI X, SHEN Y, CHEN M, et al. Characterisation of volatile compounds in Maotai flavour liquor during fermentation and distillation[J]. Journal of the Institute of Brewing, 2019, 125(4): 453-463. |
| [25] | MARIACA R G, FERNÁNDEZ-GARCÍA E, MOHEDANO A F, et al. Volatile fraction of ewe’s milk semi-hard cheese manufactured with and without the addition of a cysteine proteinase[J]. Food Science and Technology International, 2001, 7(2): 131-139. |
| [26] | 许忠平, 梁明锋, 张娇娇, 等. 不同地区酱香型白酒风格特征及风味物质构成差异相关性研究.[J]. 中国酿造,2024,43(2):35-42. |
| XU Z P, LIANG M F, ZHANG J J, et al. Correlation between style characteristics and flavor composition of sauce-flavor Baijiu from different regions [J]. China Brewing,2024,43(2):35-42. (in Chinese) | |
| [27] | FAN S, TANG K, XU Y, et al. Characterization of the potent odorants in Tibetan Qingke Jiu by sensory analysis, aroma extract dilution analysis, quantitative analysis and odor activity values[J]. Food Research International, 2020, 137: 109349. |
| [28] | CADWALLADER D C, GERARD P D, DRAKE M A. The role of packaging on the flavor of fluid milk[J]. Journal of Dairy Science, 2023, 106(1): 151-167. |
| [29] | 郝秋月, 岳旭良, 樊 凡, 等. 发酵乳风味物质生成机制研究进展[J].食品安全质量检测学报,2024,15(20):157-166. |
| HAO Q Y, YUE X L, FAN F, et al. Research progress on the formation mechanism of flavor substances in fermented milk[J]. Journal of Food Safety and Quality Testing,2021,12(15):6111-6117. (in Chinese) | |
| [30] | CHEN C, LIU Z, YU H, et al. Flavoromic determination of lactones in cheddar cheese by GC-MS-olfactometry, aroma extract dilution analysis, aroma recombination and omission analysis[J]. Food Chemistry, 2022, 368: 130736. |
| [31] | MANZOCCHI E, MARTIN B, BORD C, et al. Feeding cows with hay, silage, or fresh herbage on pasture or indoors affects sensory properties and chemical composition of milk and cheese[J]. Journal of Dairy Science, 2021, 104(5): 5285-5302. |
| [32] | XU L, YU X, LI M, et al. Monitoring oxidative stability and changes in key volatile compounds in edible oils during ambient storage through HS-SPME/GC-MS[J]. International Journal of Food Properties, 2017, 20(sup3): S2926-S2938. |
| [33] | CAO M, FONSECA L M, SCHOENFUSS T C, et al. Homogenization and lipase treatment of milk and resulting methyl ketone generation in blue cheese[J]. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 2014, 62(25): 5726-5733. |
| [34] | WANG J, YNG Z J, WANG Y D, et al. The key aroma compounds and sensory characteristics of commercial Cheddar cheeses[J]. Journal of Dairy Science, 2021, 104(7): 7555-7571. |
| [35] | CHEN L, LI D, HAO D, et al. Study on chemical compositions, sensory properties, and volatile compounds of banana wine[J]. Journal of Food Processing and Preservation, 2020, 44(12): e14924. |
| [36] | LI N, LI G, GUAN X, et al. Volatile aroma compound-based decoding and prediction of sweet berry aromas in dry red wine[J]. Food Chemistry, 2025, 463: 141248. |
| [37] | GUO Q, PENG J, HE Y. A systematic comparative study on the physicochemical properties, volatile compounds, and biological activity of typical fermented soy foods[J]. Foods, 2024, 13(3): 415. |
| [38] | CHENG H. Volatile flavor compounds in yogurt: A review[J]. Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition, 2010, 50(10): 938-950. |
| [39] | 赵志程, 赵 巍, 张爱霞, 等. 脂质热解形成的挥发性成分及途径研究进展[J]. 粮食与油脂,2024,37(8):12-18 |
| ZHAO Z C, ZHAO W, ZHANG A X, et al. Research progress on volatile components and pathways formed by lipid pyrolysis[J]. Cereals & Oils,2024,37(8):12-18. (in Chinese) | |
| [40] | FERRANTI P, TRAISCI M V, PICARIELLO G, et al. Casein proteolysis in human milk: Tracing the pattern of casein breakdown and the formation of potential bioactive peptides[J]. Journal of Dairy Research, 2004, 71(1): 74-87. |
| [41] | MARTIN F, CACHON R, PERNIN K, et al. Effect of oxidoreduction potential on aroma biosynthesis by lactic acid bacteria in nonfat yogurt[J]. Journal of Dairy Science, 2011, 94(2): 614-622. |
| [42] | PAN C, CUI H, HAYAT K, et al. Exogenous glutamic acid effectively involved in N-(1-deoxy-D-galulos-1-yl)-glutamic acid degradation for simultaneous improvement of both milk-like and baking flavor[J]. Food Bioscience, 2022, 47: 101697. |
| [43] | BYEON Y S, HEO J A, PARK K, et al. Consumer preference of traditional Korean soy sauce (ganjang) and its relationship with sensory attributes and physicochemical properties[J]. Foods, 2023, 12(12): 2361. |
| [44] | OTT A, GERMOND J E, CHAINTREAU A. Origin of acetaldehyde during milk fermentation using 13C-labeled precursors[J]. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 2000, 48(5): 1512-1517. |
| [45] | TIAN H, YU B, YU H, et al. Evaluation of the synergistic olfactory effects of diacetyl, acetaldehyde, and acetoin in a yogurt matrix using odor threshold, aroma intensity, and electronic nose analyses[J]. Journal of Dairy Science, 2020, 103(9): 7957-7967. |
| [46] | BRANDSMA J B, BRINKMAN J, WOLKERS-ROOIJACKERS J C M, et al. Pyruvate stimulates transamination of leucine into α-ketoisocaproic acid and supports 3-methylbutanal production by Lactococcus lactis [J]. Journal of Applied Microbiology, 2024, 135(10): lxae257. |
| [47] | PINO J, MOO-HUCHIN V, SOSA-MOGUEL O, et al. Characterization of aroma-active compounds in Choch (Lucuma hypoglauca Standley) fruit[J]. International Journal of Food Properties, 2017, 20(sup1): S444-S448. |
| [48] | ULLRICH L, CASTY B, ANDRÉ A, et al. Influence of the cocoa bean variety on the flavor compound composition of dark chocolates[J]. ACS Food Science & Technology, 2023, 3(3): 470-477. |
| [49] | WANG L, YIN H, SHAO X, et al. Improving the aging aroma profiles of Italian riesling and petit verdot wines: Impact of spontaneous and inoculated fermentation processes[J]. Food Chemistry: X, 2023, 20: 100978. |
| [50] | ZABALETA L, ALBISU M, BARRON L J R. Volatile compounds associated with desirable flavour and off-flavour generation in ewe’s raw milk commercial cheeses[J]. European Food Research and Technology, 2017, 243: 1405-1414. |
| [51] | HALES K E. Relationships between digestible energy and metabolizable energy in current feedlot diets[J]. Translational Animal Science, 2019, 3(3): 945-952. |
| [52] | ONG L, SHAH N P. Probiotic cheddar cheese: Influence of ripening temperatures on proteolysis and sensory characteristics of cheddar cheeses[J]. Journal of Food Science, 2009, 74(5): S182-S191. |
| [53] | CHANDEL N S. Glycolysis[J]. Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Biology, 2021, 13(5): a040535. |
| [54] | COMASIO A, HARTH H, WECKX S, et al. The addition of citrate stimulates the production of acetoin and diacetyl by a citrate-positive Lactobacillus crustorum strain during wheat sourdough fermentation[J]. International Journal of Food Microbiology, 2019, 289: 88-105. |
| [55] | 邓 红, 王玉珠, 史乐伟, 等. 清涧红枣香气成分的分析鉴定[J]. 食品研究与开发,2013,34(24):201-205. |
| DENG H, WANG Y Z, SHI L W, et al. Analysis and identification of aroma components for the Qingjian date[J]. Food Research and Development,2013,34(24):201-205. (in Chinese) | |
| [56] | RODRÍGUEZ-ALONSO P, CENTENO J A, GARABAL J I. Biochemical study of industrially produced Arzúa-Ulloa semi-soft cows’ milk cheese: Effects of storage under vacuum and modified atmospheres with high-nitrogen contents[J]. International Dairy Journal, 2011, 21(4): 261-271. |
| [57] | PARK Y W, LEE J H, LEE S J. Effects of frozen and refrigerated storage on organic acid profiles of goat milk plain soft and Monterey jack cheeses[J]. Journal of Dairy Science, 2006, 89(3): 862-871. |
| [58] | KAPSE S, KEDIA P, KUMAR A, et al. A non-invasive method for detection of freshness of packaged milk[J]. Journal of Food Engineering, 2023, 346: 111424. |
| [59] | SAKHALA S, GANGULY S, RAJU P N, et al. Effect of packaging materials on quality parameters of buffalo milk ricotta cheese[J]. International Journal of Communication Systems, 2019, 7(5): 720-725. |
| [60] | NIKMARAM N, KEENER K M. The effects of cold plasma technology on physical, nutritional, and sensory properties of milk and milk products[J]. LWT-Food Science and Technology, 2022, 154: 112729. |
| [61] | LEE A P, BARBANO D M, DRAKE M A. The influence of ultra-pasteurization by indirect heating versus direct steam injection on skim and 2% fat milks[J]. Journal of Dairy Science, 2017, 100(3): 1688-1701. |
| [62] | SULEJMANI E I, HAYALOGLU A A. Characterisation of macedonian white‐brined cheese: Effect of raw or heat-treated caprine milk[J]. International Journal of Dairy Technology, 2018, 71(2): 408-416. |
| [63] | WANG Y, XIAO R, LIU S, et al. The impact of thermal treatment intensity on proteins, fatty acids, macro/micro-nutrients, flavor, and heating markers of milk—A comprehensive review[J]. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 2024, 25(16): 8670. |
| [64] | FENG T, SUN J, SONG S, et al. Geographical differentiation of Molixiang table grapes grown in China based on volatile compounds analysis by HS-GC-IMS coupled with PCA and sensory evaluation of the grapes[J]. Food Chemistry: X, 2022, 15: 100423. |
| [65] | CARPINO S, MALLIA S, LA TERRA S, et al. Composition and aroma compounds of Ragusano cheese: Native pasture and total mixed rations[J]. Journal of Dairy Science, 2004, 87(4): 816-830. |
| [66] | BOLTAR I, ČANŽEK MAJHENIČ A, JARNI K, et al. Volatile compounds in Nanos cheese: Their formation during ripening and sesonal variation[J]. Journal of Food Science and Technology, 2015, 52: 608-623. |
| [67] | KALAČ P. The effects of silage feeding on some sensory and health attributes of cow’s milk: A review[J]. Food Chemistry, 2011, 125(2): 307-317. |
| [68] | GIL M, RAMIL F, AGIS J A. Hydroids (Cnidaria, Hydrozoa) from mauritanian coral mounds[J]. Zootaxa, 2020, 4878(3): 412-466. |
| [69] | YAO H, PAN Z, MA W, et al. Whole-genome resequencing analysis of the Camelus bactrianus (bactrian camel) genome identifies mutations and genes affecting milk production traits[J]. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 2024, 25(14): 7836. |
| [70] | GUO L, DAOLEMA, LIU B, et al. Identification of milk-related genes and regulatory networks in bactrian camel either supplemented or under grazing[J]. Tropical Animal Health and Production, 2023, 55(5): 342. |
| [71] | DARWISH A M, ABDELHAFEZ M A, EL-METWALY H A, et al. Genetic divergence of two casein genes and correlated milk traits in Maghrebi camels[J]. Biologia, 2022, 77(7): 1889-1898. |
| [72] | YAO H, LIANG X, DOU Z, et al. Transcriptome analysis to identify candidate genes related to mammary gland development of Bactrian camel (Camelus bactrianus)[J]. Frontiers in Veterinary Science, 2023, 10: 1196950. |
| [1] | 赵妍, 多倩倩, 徐晓炜, 郑楠, 陈贺, 张仕琦, 赵艳坤. 驼乳脂肪球膜蛋白功能特性及组成差异性的研究进展[J]. 中国畜牧兽医, 2026, 53(2): 631-638. |
| [2] | 刘杰, 李胜楠, 何晨鹏, 马翔, 李春, 王中波, 肖定福. 基于组学的牛肉品质及其影响因素研究进展[J]. 中国畜牧兽医, 2025, 52(11): 5134-5146. |
| [3] | 徐晓炜, 高姣姣, 马宪兰, 阿丽亚·吐尔迪, 邵伟, 郑楠, 赵艳坤. 新疆驼乳源克雷伯菌分离鉴定及耐药性与耐药基因分析[J]. 中国畜牧兽医, 2025, 52(10): 4941-4951. |
| [4] | 李奇隆, 史寒婧, 陈思思, 许君菲, 周文越, 龚赛斌, 罗杰, 杨飞来, 李凤娜, 郭秋平. 饲粮中添加发酵香菇渣对育肥猪生长性能、肉品质和风味物质的影响[J]. 中国畜牧兽医, 2025, 52(1): 182-194. |
| [5] | 李明博, 高青山, 李官浩, 张魁, 崔莲花, 侯丽娜. 中草药饲料添加剂对延边黄牛肉品质与风味物质的影响[J]. 中国畜牧兽医, 2023, 50(2): 531-542. |
| [6] | 张梦华, 陈钢粮, 臧长江, 董静, 黄锡霞, 陆东林. 准噶尔双峰驼驼乳理化指标分析[J]. 《中国畜牧兽医》, 2016, 43(10): 2628-2633. |
| [7] | 郝园丽, 李显耀, 张秀梅, 温杰锋, 孙厚法, 唐辉. 日粮中添加蝇蛆干对青脚麻鸡产肉性能、肉营养品质及风味物质的影响[J]. , 2015, 42(11): 2935-2944. |
| [8] | 张秀梅, 康丽, 李显耀, 唐辉, 贾正民. 汶上芦花鸡和济宁百日鸡母鸡的肌肉营养成分及风味的比较[J]. , 2015, 42(1): 109-117. |
| [9] | 孙月娇, 田河山, 赵桂苹, 郑麦青, 王博, 文杰. 不同饲养方式对北京油鸡肌肉风味物质的影响[J]. 中国畜牧兽医, 2014, 41(9): 89-94. |
| 阅读次数 | ||||||
|
全文 |
|
|||||
|
摘要 |
|
|||||