中国畜牧兽医 ›› 2026, Vol. 53 ›› Issue (1): 81-93.doi: 10.16431/j.cnki.1671-7236.2026.01.008

• 综述 • 上一篇    下一篇

重组活载体疫苗研究进展

郭双霖1,2(), 郝飞2, 刘永杰1, 秦浩然2,3, 陈蓉2, 马孙婷2, 冯志新2, 谢星1,2,3()   

  1. 1.南京农业大学动物医学院,南京 210014
    2.江苏省农业科学院兽医研究所,农业农村部兽用生物制品工程重点实验室,南京 210014
    3.扬州大学兽医学院,扬州 225009
  • 收稿日期:2025-04-15 出版日期:2026-01-05 发布日期:2025-12-26
  • 通讯作者: 谢星 E-mail:gsl5050@163.com;yzxx1989@163.com
  • 作者简介:郭双霖,E-mail: gsl5050@163.com
  • 基金资助:
    江苏省科技计划专项(创新支撑计划国际科技合作)(BZ2023048);国家自然科学基金项目(32273011);国家自然科学基金项目(32302909);江苏省科协托举工程项目(JSTJ-2023-093)

Advances in Recombinant Live Vector Vaccine

GUO Shuanglin1,2(), HAO Fei2, LIU Yongjie1, QIN Haoran2,3, CHEN Rong2, MA Sunting2, FENG Zhixin2, XIE Xing1,2,3()   

  1. 1.College of Veterinary Medicine,Nanjing Agricultural University,Nanjing 210014,China
    2.Key Laboratory for Veterinary Bio-product Engineering and Technology,Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs,Institute of Veterinary Medicine,Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences,Nanjing 210014,China
    3.College of Veterinary Medicine,Yangzhou University,Yangzhou 225009,China
  • Received:2025-04-15 Online:2026-01-05 Published:2025-12-26
  • Contact: XIE Xing E-mail:gsl5050@163.com;yzxx1989@163.com

摘要:

重组活载体疫苗利用病原体作为载体递送目标抗原,具有免疫效果强、生产成本低、免疫策略灵活等优势,在传染病防控和肿瘤治疗等领域展现出广阔前景。笔者系统综述了细菌和病毒活载体疫苗的研究进展,重点分析了其抗原表达特性、适用动物模型及免疫效果。在细菌载体方面,卡介苗通过基因改造表达结核分枝杆菌抗原或免疫调节因子,可显著提升免疫效果;沙门菌载体因其口服接种便利性在黏膜免疫和癌症治疗中表现突出;乳酸菌作为载体可诱导黏膜和全身免疫。此外,大肠杆菌、枯草芽孢杆菌等也在抗感染和抗肿瘤疫苗研发中取得进展。病毒载体方面,腺病毒因其高效的转导能力,已成功用于新型冠状病毒肺炎和猪流感疫苗开发;痘病毒因其可容纳大片段外源基因,适用于多价疫苗设计;疱疹病毒宿主范围有限,安全性高,在表达口蹄疫病毒和流感病毒抗原时表现出良好的免疫原性;新城疫病毒和猪繁殖与呼吸障碍综合征病毒等RNA病毒载体因其独特的复制特性成为多病原联苗的理想平台。此外,肠道病毒载体在神经系统疾病治疗中也显示出潜力。尽管活载体疫苗已取得显著成果,但其免疫效率提升、安全性优化及规模化生产仍是未来研究重点。本综述为活载体疫苗的进一步开发和临床应用提供了重要参考。

关键词: 重组疫苗; 免疫效果; 病毒载体; 细菌载体

Abstract:

Recombinant live vector vaccines utilize attenuated pathogens as carriers to deliver target antigens, offering distinct advantages including potent immunogenicity, cost-effective production, and flexible immunization strategies. These vaccines demonstrate broad prospects in infectious disease prevention and tumor immunotherapy. This review systematically summarizes recent advances in bacterial and viral vector-based vaccines, with particular focus on their antigen expression characteristics, suitable animal models, and immunization efficacy. Regarding bacterial vectors, genetically modified Bacillus Calmette-Guérin expressing Mycobacterium tuberculosis antigens or immunomodulators significantly enhances immunization efficacy. Salmonella vectors exhibit outstanding performance in mucosal immunization and cancer therapy due to their suitability for oral administration. Lactic acid bacteria, as safe delivery platforms, effectively induce both mucosal and systemic immune responses. Additionally, Escherichia coli and Bacillus subtilis have shown promising progress in developing anti-infection and anti-tumor vaccines. Among viral vectors, Adenoviruses have been successfully employed in Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) and swine influenza vaccines owing to their high transduction efficiency. Poxviruses are ideal for multivalent vaccine design due to their large capacity for foreign gene insertion. Herpesviruses demonstrate excellent immunogenicity when expressing Foot-and-mouth disease virus or Influenza virus antigens, while maintaining high safety profiles due to their restricted host range. RNA virus vectors such as Newcastle disease virus and Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus serve as promising platforms for polyvalent vaccines, leveraging their unique replication features. Furthermore, enterovirus vectors show potential for treating neurological disorders. Despite these achievements, further improvements in immunogenicity, safety optimization, and scalable manufacturing remain key research priorities. This review provides valuable insights to guide future development and clinical translation of live vector vaccines.

Key words: recombinant vaccines; immunization efficacy; viral vector; bacterial vector

中图分类号: