动物精子冷冻损伤及耐冻性差异机制研究进展

doi:10.16431/j.cnki.1671-7236.2025.07.021

摘要/Abstract

摘要： 动物冷冻精液由于具有可长期保存、远距离运输和安全高效等优势，在动物种质资源保存、濒危物种保护和畜禽跨区域联合育种等领域具有非常广阔的应用前景。精子作为一个高度分化的细胞，在冷冻过程中其结构会受到不同程度的损伤，造成其膜结构的完整性、流动性和选择通透性，以及膜脂质、蛋白质和RNA等分子的构成和机能发生改变，进而直接影响精子的冻后活力。同时，精子的耐冻性又受到物种、品种、季节和营养等因素的影响而存在较大的差异。但由于对精子冷冻损伤、耐冻性及其影响因素等基础性科学问题仍缺乏清晰的认识，除牛外的其他动物，现有的精液冷冻技术仍无法生产出可应用于实际生产的冷冻精液，这给通过冷冻精液开展这些动物种质资源保存，以及使用冷冻精液人工授精技术开展动物品种遗传改良和新品种培育造成了很大的困难。所以，加强相关问题的基础研究，并针对性开发高效冷冻保存体系，最大限度地减少精子的冷冻损伤，提高精子的冻后活力，将对该技术的推广应用产生积极的推动作用。作者综述了近年来在动物精子冷冻损伤和耐冻性差异机制方面的研究进展，旨在为相关研究的深入开展提供参考。

关键词: 动物; 精子; 冷冻保存; 冷冻损伤; 耐冻性差异

Abstract: Frozen sperm of animals has great advantages such as long-term storage,long-distance transport,and more safety and efficiency.So,it has been broadly applicated in the fields of animal genetic resources preservation,endangered species protection,and cross-regional breeding of livestock and poultry.Sperm,as a highly differentiated cell,undergoes varying degrees of structural damage during the freezing process.These damages affect the integrity,fluidity,and selective permeability of sperm membrane,as well as alter the composition and function of membrane lipids,proteins,RNA,and other molecules.Consequently,these changes directly impact the post-thaw viability of sperm.Additionally,the extent of sperm cryotolerance varies greatly due to factors such as species,variety,season,and nutrition.However,due to the lack of clear understanding of basic problems such as sperm cryodamage,cryotolerance,and its influencing factors,the present freezing technology cannot produce frozen sperm that has high enough quality and can be applied in farm except bull.This has posed significant challenges to the preservation of these animal genetic resources via frozen semen,as well as to genetic improvement and the development of new breeds through artificial insemination using frozen semen.Therefore,enhancing the further basic research on the pertinent issues and developing an efficient freezing system to minimize freezing-induced damage and improve post-thaw sperm viability would have a positive impact on the promotion and application of the technology.The authors summarize the recent research progress on the mechanisms of sperm cryodamage and differential cryotolerance in animals,so as to provide reference for the in-depth development of related research.

Key words: animal; sperm; cryopreservation; cryodamage; differential cryotolerance

中图分类号:

S821.3

邓双义, 高莉, 杨力伟, 刘晓娜, 宁程程, 张文杰, 高家良, 王世银, 张伟. 动物精子冷冻损伤及耐冻性差异机制研究进展[J]. 中国畜牧兽医, 2025, 52(7): 3202-3213.

DENG Shuangyi, GAO Li, YANG Liwei, LIU Xiaona, NING Chengcheng, ZHANG Wenjie, GAO Jialiang, WANG Shiyin, ZHANG Wei. Research Progress on Mechanisms of Cryodamage and Differential Cryotolerance of Animal Sperm[J]. China Animal Husbandry & Veterinary Medicine, 2025, 52(7): 3202-3213.

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