肉牛胚胎死亡与流产的病因研究进展

doi:10.16431/j.cnki.1671-7236.2025.08.047

摘要/Abstract

摘要： 肉牛胚胎死亡和流产是影响中国肉牛繁殖效率和生产经济效益的主要问题之一。胚胎死亡与流产的病因均包括胚胎遗传缺陷、母体内分泌失衡、病原感染及应激等。遗传因素中的基因异常表达和染色体异常会影响胚胎在关键发育阶段的正常发育，导致发育停滞或异常。母体内分泌失衡可能干扰胚胎着床和妊娠维持，进而引发妊娠损失。病原感染通过引发胎盘炎症、干扰宿主先天免疫反应等途径导致胚胎死亡或流产。此外，环境应激通过影响胚胎细胞的代谢和分裂，诱发细胞凋亡，增加早期胚胎的死亡风险。目前国内对肉牛胚胎死亡和流产的研究以病例报告或病原流行病学调查的形式为主，对导致胚胎死亡和流产的病因机制研究相对较少，笔者系统回顾了肉牛胚胎死亡和流产的病因，涵盖了遗传、母体、病原感染、环境和管理等多方面因素的研究进展，以期为减少国内肉牛养殖中胚胎死亡和流产的发病率提供参考。

关键词: 肉牛; 胚胎死亡; 流产; 内分泌; 感染性疾病

Abstract: Embryonic death and abortion are among the major issues affecting reproductive efficiency and economic benefits in beef cattle production in China.The causes of embryonic death and abortion include genetic defects in embryos,maternal endocrine imbalances,pathogenic infections,and stress.Abnormal gene expression and chromosomal abnormalities in genetic factors can disrupt the normal development of embryos during critical developmental stages,leading to stasis or abnormalities.Maternal endocrine imbalances may interfere with embryo implantation and the maintenance of pregnancy,resulting in pregnancy loss.Pathogenic infections can cause embryonic death or abortion through mechanisms like inducing placental inflammation and disrupting the host’s innate immune response.Additionally,environmental stress can affect the metabolism and division of embryonic cells,triggering apoptosis and increasing the risk of early embryo death.Current research on embryonic death and abortion in domestic beef cattle mainly consists of case reports or epidemiological surveys,with relatively few studies on the mechanisms leading to these issues.This article systematically reviewed the causes of embryonic death and abortion in beef cattle,covering research advancements in genetic,maternal,pathogenic,environmental,and management factors,aiming to provide references for reducing the incidence of embryonic death and abortion in domestic beef cattle breeding.

Key words: beef cattle; embryonic death; abortion; endocrine; infectious diseases

中图分类号:

S823.9^＋2

仲广智, 李梦玥, 庹世友, 善刚, 王子璇, 李靖. 肉牛胚胎死亡与流产的病因研究进展[J]. 中国畜牧兽医, 2025, 52(8): 3999-4007.

ZHONG Guangzhi, LI Mengyue, TUO Shiyou, SHAN Gang, WANG Zixuan, LI Jing. Research Progress on the Causes of Embryonic Death and Abortion in Beef Cattle[J]. China Animal Husbandry & Veterinary Medicine, 2025, 52(8): 3999-4007.

参考文献

[1] REESE S T,FRANCO G A,POOLE R K,et al.Pregnancy loss in beef cattle:A Meta-analysis[J].Animal Reproduction Science,2020,212:106251.
[2] GELALCHA B D,ROBI D T,DERESSA F B.A participatory epidemiological investigation of causes of cattle abortion in Jimma zone,Ethiopia[J]. Heliyon,2021,7(8):e07833.
[3] DANIEL GIVENS M,MARLEY M S D.Infectious causes of embryonic and fetal mortality[J].Theriogenology,2008,70(3):270-285.
[4] SMITH B D,POLIAKIWSKI B,POLANCO O,et al.Decisive points for pregnancy losses in beef cattle[J].Reproduction,Fertility and Development,2022,35(2):70-83.
[5] WOLF-JÄCKEL G A,HANSEN M S,LARSEN G,et al.Diagnostic studies of abortion in Danish cattle 2015-2017[J].Acta Veterinaria Scandinavica,2020,62(1):1.
[6] JENKO J,MCCLURE M C,MATTHEWS D,et al.Analysis of a large dataset reveals haplotypes carrying putatively recessive lethal and semi-lethal alleles with pleiotropic effects on economically important traits in beef cattle[J].Genetics Selection Evolution,2019,51(1):9.
[7] HOFF J L,DECKER J E,SCHNABEL R D,et al.Candidate lethal haplotypes and causal mutations in Angus cattle[J].BMC Genomics,2017,18(1):799.
[8] UPPERMAN L R,KINGHORN B P,MACNEIL M D,et al.Management of lethal recessive alleles in beef cattle through the use of mate selection software[J].Genetics Selection Evolution,2019,51(1):36.
[9] JIMÉNEZ J M,MORALES R,MOLINA A,et al.Effect of the rob(1;29) translocation on the fertility of beef cattle reared under extensive conditions:A 30-year retrospective study[J].Reproduction in Domestic Animals,2022,57(4):349-356.
[10] SASAKI S,IBI T,AKIYAMA T,et al.Loss of maternal ANNEXIN A10 via a 34-kb deleted-type copy number variation is associated with embryonic mortality in Japanese Black cattle[J].BMC Genomics,2016,17(1):968.
[11] YAO T,UEDA A,KHURCHABILIG A,et al.Micronucleus formation during early cleavage division is a potential hallmark of preimplantation embryonic loss in cattle[J].Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications,2022,617:25-32.
[12] LIU B,YAN J,LI J,et al.The role of BDNF,YBX1,CENPF,ZSCAN4,TEAD4,GLIS1 and USF1 in the activation of the embryonic genome in bovine embryos[J].International Journal of Molecular Sciences,2023,24(22):16019.
[13] LOPES C N,SCARPA A B,CAPPELLOZZA B I,et al.Effects of rumen-protected polyunsaturated fatty acid supplementation on reproductive performance of Bos indicus beef cows[J].Journal of Animal Science,2009,87(12):3935-3943.
[14] CASSELL B G,ADAMEC V,PEARSON R E.Maternal and fetal inbreeding depression for 70-day nonreturn and calving rate in Holsteins and Jerseys[J].Journal of Dairy Science,2003,86(9):2977-2983.
[15] STEVENSON J S,LAMB G C.Contrasting effects of progesterone on fertility of dairy and beef cows[J].Journal of Dairy Science,2016,99(7):5951-5964.
[16] PÉREZ-MARÍN C C,ESPAÑA F.Oestrus expression and ovarian function in repeat breeder cows,monitored by ultrasonography and progesterone assay[J].Reproduction in Domestic Animals,2007,42(5):449-456.
[17] BISHOP C V,SELVARAJ V,TOWNSON D H,et al.History,insights,and future perspectives on studies into luteal function in cattle[J].Journal of Animal Science,2022,100(7):skac143.
[18] BRIDGES P J,WRIGHT D J,BUFORD W I,et al.Ability of induced corpora lutea to maintain pregnancy in beef cows[J].Journal of Animal Science,2000,78(11)：2942-2949.
[19] SERRANO-PÉREZ B,MOLINA E,NOYA A,et al.Maternal nutrient restriction in early pregnancy increases the risk of late embryo loss despite no effects on peri-implantation interferon-stimulated genes in suckler beef cattle[J].Research in Veterinary Science,2020,128:69-75.
[20] STEVENSON J S,HILL S L,BRIDGES G A,et al.Progesterone status,parity,body condition,and days postpartum before estrus or ovulation synchronization in suckled beef cattle influence artificial insemination pregnancy outcomes[J].Journal of Animal Science,2015,93(5):2111-2123.
[21] D’OCCHIO M J,BARUSELLI P S,CAMPANILE G.Influence of nutrition,body condition,and metabolic status on reproduction in female beef cattle:A review[J].Theriogenology,2019,125:277-284.
[22] YADAV R,YADAV P,SINGH G,et al.Non infectious causes of abortion in livestock animals—A review[J].International Journal of Livestock Research,2021,11:1-13.
[23] COPPING K J,HOARE A,MCMILLEN I C,et al.Maternal periconceptional and first trimester protein restriction in beef heifers:Effects on maternal performance and early fetal growth[J].Reproduction,Fertility and Development,2020,32(9):835-850.
[24] 李荣超,王金山.母牛黄曲霉毒素中毒流产病例诊治[J].农业工程技术,2024,44(7):111-112. LI R C,WANG J S.Diagnosis and treatment of cow aflatoxicosis-induced abortion[J].Agricultural Engineering Technology,2024,44(7):111-112.(in Chinese)
[25] BURONI F,GARDNER D R,BOABAID F M,et al.Spontaneous abortion in cattle after consumption of Hesperocyparis (Cupressus) macrocarpa (Hartw.) Bartel and Cupressus arizonica (Greene) needles in Uruguay[J].Toxicon,2020,181:53-56.
[26] WANG Y,GAO X,PENG M,et al.The mechanism of swainsonine causing early pregnancy abnormal decidualization and inducing abortion by changing glycosylation modification[J].Advances in Reproductive Sciences,2018,6(3):70-101.
[27] 周启武，赵宝玉，路浩，等.中国西部天然草地疯草生态及动物疯草中毒研究与防控现状[J].中国农业科学，2013,46(6):1280-1296. ZHOU Q W,ZHAO B Y,LU H,et al The research and control situation of ecology and animal poisoning of locoweed in western natural grassland of China[J].Scientia Agricultura Sinica,2013,46(6):1280-1296.(in Chinese)
[28] MIGNACCA S A,MUCCIARELLI M,COLOMBINO E,et al.Cistus salviifolius toxicity in cattle[J].Veterinary Pathology,2020,57(1):115-121.
[29] KASIMANICKAM R K,KASIMANICKAM V R.Association of gastrointestinal parasite burden,serum cytokines and hormones concentrations,and pregnancy in Angus-cross beef cows[J].Veterinary Parasitology,2021,295(1):109464.
[30] MEE J F.Invited review:Bovine abortion—Incidence,risk factors and causes[J].Reproduction in Domestic Animals,2023,58(S2):23-33.
[31] BOND R L,MIDLA L T,GORDON E D,et al.Effect of student transrectal palpation on early pregnancy loss in dairy cattle[J].Journal of Dairy Science,2019,102(10):9236-9240.
[32] OYAS H,HOLMSTROM L,KEMUNTO N P,et al.Enhanced surveillance for Rift Valley Fever in livestock during EI Niño rains and threat of RVF outbreak,Kenya,2015-2016[J].PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases,2018,12(4):e0006353.
[33] HANSEN P J.To be or not to be—Determinants of embryonic survival following heat shock[J].Theriogenology,2007,68:S40-S48.
[34] AMARAL C D S,CORREA G R E,SERRANO MUJICA L K,et al.Heat stress modulates polymorphonuclear cell response in early pregnancy cows:Ⅰ.Interferon pathway and oxidative stress[J].PLoS One,2021,16(9):e0257418.
[35] KHAN I,MESALAM A,HEO Y S,et al.Heat stress as a barrier to successful reproduction and potential alleviation strategies in cattle[J].Animals,2023,13(14):2359.
[36] NAGEL C,AURICH C,AURICH J.Stress effects on the regulation of parturition in different domestic animal species[J].Animal Reproduction Science,2019,207:153-161.
[37] TIAN Z,WAN L,PEI J,et al.Brucellosis seroprevalence in cattle in China during 2014-2024:A systematic review and Meta-analysis[J].Emerging Microbes & Infections,2024,13(1):2417859.
[38] PERIN G,FÁVERO J F,SEVERO D R T,et al.Occurrence of oxidative stress in dairy cows seropositives for Brucella abortus[J].Microbial Pathogenesis,2017,110:196-201.
[39] 高平,张亮,李永彬,等.一起牛生殖道弯曲杆菌病的诊疗[J].黑龙江畜牧兽医,2018，12:151-152. GAO P,ZHANG L,LI Y B,et al.Diagnosis and treatment of a case of bovine genital campylobacteriosis[J].Heilongjiang Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine,2018,12:151-152.(in Chinese)
[40] LI X,TANG H,XU Z,et al.Prevalence and characteristics of Campylobacter from the genital tract of primates and ruminants in Eastern China[J].Transboundary and Emerging Diseases,2022,69(5):e1892-e1898.
[41] 朱战波,崔玉东,侯喜林,等.奶牛流产胎儿弯曲菌的分离鉴定[J].中国兽医杂志,2004，40(12):28-30. ZHU Z B,CUI Y D,HOU X L,et al.Isolation and identification of Campylobacter from aborted bovine fetuses[J].Chinese Journal of Veterinary Medicine,2004,40(12):28-30.(in Chinese)
[42] CAGNOLI C I,CHIAPPARRONE M L,CACCIATO C S,et al.Effect of Campylobacter fetus on in vitro fertilization and embryonic development of preimplantation bovine embryos[J].Veterinary Microbiology,2024,288:109925.
[43] CAMPOS-MÚZQUIZ L G,MÉNDEZ-OLVERA E T,MARTÍNEZ M P,et al.Campylobacter fetus induced proinflammatory response in bovine endometrial epithelial cells[J].Polish Journal of Microbiology,2021,70(1):99-106.
[44] MA Z,WANG X,LI M,et al.An ecological comparison study on the causal association between leptospirosis and moyamoya disease in Hubei,China,2017—2019[J].Clinical Neurology and Neurosurgery,2021,210:107007.
[45] 徐建民,谢昀,殷玉珍,等.江西省耕牛钩端螺旋体血清流行病学调查[J].中国媒介生物学及控制杂志,2008,19(6):560-562. XU J M,XIE Y,YIN Y Z,et al.Serological epidemiological survey of Leptospira in plowing cattle in Jiangxi province[J].Chinese Journal of Vector Biology and Control,2008,19(6):560-562.(in Chinese)
[46] 韩月明.一例牛钩端螺旋体病的诊治报告[J].畜牧兽医科技信息,2019，36(5):33. HAN Y M.A case report of bovine leptospirosis diagnosis and treatment[J].Chinese Journal of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine,2019,36(5):33.(in Chinese)
[47] LOUREIRO A P,LILENBAUM W.Genital bovine leptospirosis:A new look for an old disease[J].Theriogenology,2020,141:41-47.
[48] PEDROSA J,EZEPHA C,AYMÉE L,et al.Cellular inflammatory response in the bovine uterus by Leptospira infection may be related to embryo death and subfertility[J].Microbial Pathogenesis,2023,185:106449.
[49] MOLINARI P C C,NALLY J E,BROMFIELD J J.Bovine endometrial cells do not mount an inflammatory response to Leptospira[J].Reproduction & Fertility,2021,2(3):187-198.
[50] CHEN X,WANG X,QI Y,et al.Meta-analysis of prevalence of Bovine herpes virus 1 in cattle in Mainland China[J].Acta Tropica,2018,187:37-43.
[51] JONES C.Bovine herpesvirus 1 counteracts immune responses and immune-surveillance to enhance pathogenesis and virus transmission[J].Frontiers in Immunology,2019,10:1008.
[52] 冯梦迪.新疆南疆某安格斯肉牛繁育场妊娠损失相关疾病探查与防控措施的建立[D].乌鲁木齐：新疆农业大学,2023. FENG M D.Investigation and establishment of prevention and control measures for diseases related to pregnancy loss in an Angus beef cattle breeding farm in Southern Xinjiang[D].Urumqi:Xinjiang Agricultural University,2023.(in Chinese)
[53] 陈颖彬,张明勇,李林,等.河北省妊娠流产奶牛及腹泻犊牛牛病毒性腹泻流行病学调查[J].中国兽医杂志,2020,56(3):29-32. CHEN Y B,ZHANG M Y,LI L,et al.Epidemiological survey of bovine viral diarrhea in dairy cattle with abortion and diarrheal calves in Hebei province[J].Chinese Journal of Veterinary Medicine,2020,56(3):29-32.(in Chinese)
[54] 谢建亮,于有利,郭亚男,等.2022年宁夏固原市肉用流产母牛病原血清学调查分析[J].中国牛业科学,2023,49(5):77-80. XIE J L,YU Y L,GUO Y N,et al.Serological investigation and analysis of pathogens in meat cows with abortion in Guyuan city,Ningxia in 2022[J].China Cattle Science,2023,49(5):77-80.(in Chinese)
[55] LIU C,LIU Y,LIANG L,et al.RNA-Seq based transcriptome analysis during Bovine viral diarrhoea virus (BVDV) infection[J].BMC Genomics,2019,20(1):774.
[56] WATHES D C,OGUEJIOFOR C F,THOMAS C,et al.Importance of viral disease in dairy cow fertility[J].Engineering,2020,6(1):26-33.
[57] RAHIM TAYEFEH A,TALEBKHAN GAROUSSI M,HEIDARI F,et al.Effect of Bovine viral diarrhea virus biotypes exposure on bovine gametes in early embryonic development in vitro[J].Veterinary Research Forum,2023,14(4):207-212.
[58] YANG N,XU M,MA Z,et al.Detection of emerging HoBi-like Pestivirus (BVD-3) during an epidemiological investigation of Bovine viral diarrhea virus in Xinjiang:A first-of-its-kind report[J].Frontiers in Microbiology,2023,14:1222292.
[59] DECARO N.HoBi-like Pestivirus and reproductive disorders[J].Frontiers in Veterinary Science,2020,7:622447.
[60] YING Z,ZHU Z F,YANG X,et al.Prevalence and associated risk factors of Neospora caninum infection among cattle in mainland China:A systematic review and Meta-analysis[J].Preventive Veterinary Medicine,2022,201:105593.
[61] 吾力江，张梦圆，李仿鑫，等.新疆哈巴河县流产牛病原检测[J].中国兽医杂志,2019,55(10):49-41. WU L J,ZHANG M Y,LI F X,et al.Pathogen detection in aborted cattle in Habahe county,Xinjiang[J].Chinese Journal of Veterinary Medicine,2019,55(10):49-41.(in Chinese)
[62] 段永只，吾力江，托列霍加，等.新疆尼勒克县牛新孢子虫病PCR调查与分析[J].新疆畜牧业,2021,36(2):21-23. DUAN Y Z,WU L J,TUO L H J,et al.PCR survey and analysis of neosporosis in cattle in Nilka county,Xinjiang[J].Livestock Industry in Xinjiang,2021,36(2):21-23.(in Chinese)
[63] DA COSTA L S,WITHOEFT J A,BILICKI J V,et al.Neospora caninum-associated abortions in cattle from Southern Brazil:Anatomopathological and molecular characterization[J].Veterinary Parasitology,Regional Studies and Reports,2022,36:100802.
[64] HORCAJO P,JIMÉNEZ-PELAYO L,GARCÍA-SÁNCHEZ M,et al.Transcriptome modulation of bovine trophoblast cells in vitro by Neospora caninum[J].International Journal for Parasitology,2017,47(12):791-799.
[65] 马金萍,吴道义,张林达,等.牛胎儿毛滴虫病的诊治[J].当代畜牧,2023,1:16-17. MA J P,WU D Y,ZHANG L D,et al.Diagnosis and treatment of bovine fetal trichomoniasis[J].Contemporary Animal Husbandry,2023,1:16-17.(in Chinese)
[66] YANG N,CUI X,QIAN W,et al.Survey of nine abortifacient infectious agents in aborted bovine fetuses from dairy farms in Beijing,China,by PCR[J].Acta Veterinaria Hungarica,2012,60(1):83-92.
[67] WOUDWYK M A,ZANUZZI C N,NISHIDA F,et al.Apoptosis and cell proliferation in the mouse model of embryonic death induced by Tritrichomonas foetus infection[J].Experimental Parasitology,2015,156:32-36.
[68] ORTEGA-MORA L M,SÁNCHEZ-SÁNCHEZ R,ROJO-MONTEJO S,et al.A new inactivated Tritrichomonas foetus vaccine that improves genital clearance of the infection and calving intervals in cattle[J].Frontiers in Veterinary Science,2022,9:1005556.