不同初生重仔猪哺乳期肠道微生物多样性分析

doi:10.16431/j.cnki.1671-7236.2025.08.011

摘要/Abstract

摘要： 【目的】分析不同初生重仔猪哺乳期肠道微生物组成和丰度的差异，辨识影响后续发育的关键菌群标志物，为仔猪保健策略的制定提供科学依据。【方法】选取10头体况相近的二胎妊娠母猪统一进行饲喂，仔猪出生后，根据体重在每窝中分别选择低初生重仔猪和正常初生重仔猪各1头，组成正常初生重仔猪组(NBWP，1.58 kg±0.04 kg)和低初生重仔猪组(LBWP，0.98 kg±0.02 kg)，每组10头，公母各半。于3、7、14、21日龄时采集各组仔猪粪便样本，提取DNA并进行质量过滤和操作分类单元(OTU)聚类。通过数据库比对分析物种组成，使用QIIME2计算Alpha和Beta多样性。使用R语言mixOmics包进行PL-DA分析。【结果】 3、7、14、21日龄时，NBWP组仔猪体重均极显著高于LBWP组(P＜0.01)。NBWP组获得2 478个OTUs，LBWP组获得1 721个OTUs。两组在相同日龄的Alpha多样性和Beta多样性变化趋势相似，但LBWP组菌群多样性和丰度显著低于NBWP组。两组仔猪肠道中的优势菌门均为厚壁菌门(Firmicutes)、拟杆菌门(Bacteroidetes)和变形菌门(Proteobacteria)；3日龄时，LBWP组仔猪肠道中厚壁菌门相对丰度显著高于NBWP组，变形菌门相对丰度显著低于NBWP组。拟杆菌属(Bacteroides)、乳杆菌属(Lactobacillus)和普雷沃菌属(Prevotella)是两组仔猪肠道中的优势菌属，LBWP组仔猪肠道中拟杆菌属的相对丰度高于NBWP组，乳杆菌属相对丰度低于NBWP组。进一步研究发现，LBWP与NBWP组仔猪体重差异与拟杆菌门、厚壁菌门及其他细菌的丰度变化密切相关。【结论】仔猪初生重差异能对肠道微生物的早期定植过程产生影响，进而作用于仔猪的生长发育进程。本研究探析了不同初生重仔猪的肠道微生物差异，可为后续通过调控肠道微生物以改善仔猪生长发育状况提供参考。

关键词: 仔猪; 初生重; 哺育期; 微生物多样性; 优势菌属

Abstract: 【Objective】 The experiment aimed to analyze the differences in the composition and abundance of intestinal microbiota in piglets with different birth weights during the lactation period,identify the key microbiota markers that affect subsequent development,and provide a scientific basis for the formulation of piglet health care strategies. 【Method】 Ten second-time pregnant sows with similar body conditions were selected and fed uniformly.After the piglets were born,one low birth weight piglet and one normal birth weight piglet were selected in each litter according to their body weight to form a normal birth weight piglet group (NBWP,1.58 kg±0.04 kg) and a low birth weight piglet group (LBWP,0.98 kg±0.02 kg),with 10 piglets in each group and half males and half females. Fecal samples were collected from piglets in each group at 3,7,14 and 21 days old.DNA was extracted,quality-filtered,and clustered into OTUs.Species composition was analyzed through database comparison,and Alpha and Beta diversity were calculated using QIIME2.PL-DA analysis was performed using the R language mixOmics package. 【Result】 At the ages of 3,7,14 and 21 days,the body weight of piglets in NBWP group was extremely significantly higher than that in LBWP group (P＜0.01).NBWP group obtained 2 478 OTUs,and LBWP group obtained 1 721 OTUs.The changing trends of Alpha diversity and Beta diversity in the two groups at the same age were similar,but the microbiota diversity and abundance in LBWP group were significantly lower than those in NBWP group.The dominant bacterial phyla in the intestines of the two groups of piglets were all Firmicutes,Bacteroidetes and Proteobacteria.At 3 days of age,the relative abundance of Firmicutes in the intestinal tract of piglets in LBWP group was significantly higher than that in NBWP group,and the relative abundance of Proteobacteria was significantly lower than that in NBWP group.Bacteroides, Lactobacillus and Prevotella were the dominant bacterial genera in the intestines of piglets in the two groups.The relative abundance of Bacteroides in the intestines of piglets in LBWP group was higher than that in NBWP group and the relative abundance of Lactobacillus was lower than that of NBWP group.Further studies havd found that the weight differences between piglets in LBWP and NBWP groups were closely related to the abundance changes of Bacteroidetes,Firmicutes and other bacteria. 【Conclusion】 The difference in the birth weight of piglets had an impact on the early colonization process of intestinal microorganisms,and thereby affected the growth and development process of piglets.This study explored the differences in intestinal microbiota among piglets with different birth weights,which could provide a reference for subsequent regulation of intestinal microbiota to improve the growth and development status of piglets.

Key words: piglets; birth weight; feeding period; microbial diversity; dominant genus

中图分类号:

S828.9

陈金凤, 张志宏, 王子涵, 旷羿宸, 高鹏飞. 不同初生重仔猪哺乳期肠道微生物多样性分析[J]. 中国畜牧兽医, 2025, 52(8): 3620-3629.

CHEN Jinfeng, ZHANG Zhihong, WANG Zihan, KUANG Yichen, GAO Pengfei. Analysis of Gut Microbiota Diversity in Suckling Piglets with Different Birth Weights[J]. China Animal Husbandry & Veterinary Medicine, 2025, 52(8): 3620-3629.

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