家畜精液低温保存及其代谢差异

doi:10.16431/j.cnki.1671-7236.2025.12.024

摘要/Abstract

摘要： 随着中国畜牧业的快速发展，繁殖率高、生产效率高和适应性强的家畜在养殖经济效益和品种选育上具有显著优势。人工授精技术作为家畜快速扩繁的关键一环，可有效地将优质种畜的遗传信息传递下去。精液保存技术是扩大人工授精的基础，可延长精子体外存活时间，提高良种公畜的利用率。目前常用的精液保存方法有超低温冷冻保存、常温保存和低温保存3种方式。常温保存可用于短期运输；超低温冷冻则侧重长期保存；而低温保存技术使精液不受时间、地域和种畜自身发育特点影响，从而加强了不同品种间的遗传交流。低温保存稀释液通过添加卵磷脂等抗氧化物质，有效减缓低温保存过程中对精子造成的氧化损伤，提高人工授精后母畜的受胎率。文章系统总结了家畜精液低温保存稀释液的关键添加物，以及精子能量代谢的主要途径，分析了低温条件下精子代谢变化及其机制，旨在为深入了解精子代谢、研发高效稀释液提供理论支撑，进而为家畜规模化养殖、品种改良、推进育种和提高经济效益做出贡献。

关键词: 精液; 低温保存; 代谢调控; 稀释液; 代谢添加物

Abstract: With the rapid development of China’s animal husbandry industry,livestock with high reproductive rates,high production efficiency,and strong adaptability have significant advantages in breeding economic benefits and variety selection.Artificial insemination technology,as a crucial link in the propagation of livestock,transmit the genetic information of high-quality breeding livestock.Among them,semen preservation technology is the foundation for expanding artificial insemination,by prolonging the survival time of sperm in vitro and enhancing the utilization rate of superior male breeding animals.Currently,there are three commonly employed methods of ultra-low-temperature cryopreservation，normal-temperature preservation,and low-temperature preservation.Ambient temperature preservation facilitates short-term semen transport,whereas cryopreservation focuses on long-term,cross-spatiotemporal storage.The low-temperature preservation technology enables semen to be unaffected by time,geographical location,and the development characteristics of the breeding animals themselves,thereby strengthening genetic exchanges among different breeds.The low-temperature preservation diluent,by adding antioxidant substances such as lecithin,effectively mitigates the oxidative damage to sperm during the low-temperature preservation process and increases the conception rate of female animals after artificial insemination.This article systematically summarizes the main additive components of low-temperature diluents for livestock semen,the common pathways of energy metabolism in livestock spermatozoa,analyzes the metabolic changes of livestock spermatozoa under low-temperature conditions and their underlying mechanisms,aiming to understand the metabolism of livestock spermatozoa,provide theoretical references for formulating more effective diluents,and contribute to the large-scale farming of livestock,breed improvement,the advancement of breeding programs,and the enhancement of economic benefits.

Key words: sperm; low-temperature preservation; metabolic regulation; dilution liquid; metabolic additive

中图分类号:

S814.1

罗佳颖, 王娜娜, 马媛, 金昊延, 解雅茹, 张令锴. 家畜精液低温保存及其代谢差异[J]. 中国畜牧兽医, 2025, 52(12): 5797-5808.

LUO Jiaying, WANG Nana, MA Yuan, JIN Haoyan, XIE Yaru, ZHANG Lingkai. The Low-temperature Preservation and Its Metabolic Differences of Livestock Semen[J]. China Animal Husbandry & Veterinary Medicine, 2025, 52(12): 5797-5808.

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