下丘脑-垂体-肾上腺轴参与动物采食调控的研究进展

doi:10.16431/j.cnki.1671-7236.2019.08.011

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

采食是动物维持生命活动的基本生理过程，是动物生长发育的基础。畜禽采食量的高低直接影响到营养物质的摄入量及生产性能的发挥。在畜牧业生产中，影响采食的因素很多，而应激是其中一个非常重要的影响因素。动物机体的应激反应主要由下丘脑-垂体-肾上腺（HPA）轴来调控。下丘脑、垂体和肾上腺皮质通过释放促肾上腺皮质激素释放激素（CRH）、促肾上腺皮质激素（ACTH）和糖皮质激素（GC）这3种应激激素来协同调控动物的应激反应。应激激素对采食行为的调节是一个非常复杂的过程，主要通过稳态和非稳态途径来调节采食，可以双向调控食物的摄入量。稳态途径指的是通过调控机体能量稳态而调控采食。CRH和ACTH通过抑制下丘脑促食欲肽的表达而抑制采食；而GC在中枢和外周发挥着完全相反的作用。非稳态途径指的是通过影响中脑奖赏系统调控采食的愉悦感，是近年来食欲调控研究的热点，越来越多的研究证明了应激激素与奖赏系统的联系。作者针对应激激素调控采食的最新研究报道进行综述，以期为生产实践中新型的采食调控技术研发提供一定的参考。

关键词: 下丘脑-垂体-肾上腺轴; 应激; 采食

Abstract:

Feeding is the basic physiological process of animal survival, growth and development.Food intake of livestock and poultry directly affects the absorption of nutrients and production performance.In animal production, feeding is affected by many factors, and stress is one of the most important factors.The stress response of animal is mainly regulated by the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis.The hypothalamus, pituitary and adrenal cortex regulate the stress response of the animals by releasing three stress hormones such as corticotropin releasing hormone (CRH), adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) and glucocorticoid (GC).The regulation of feeding by stress hormones is a very complex process where it can regulates feed intake in both positive and negative way.Specifically, stress hormones may participate in both homeostatic and non-homeostatic pathways to regulate eating behavior.Homeostatic pathways refer to the regulation of food intake by sensing energy status of the body.In this case, CRH and ACTH inhibit feed intake by inhibiting the expression of the appetite peptide in the hypothalamus;GC plays a completely opposite role in the central and peripheral regions.The non-homeostatic pathways refer to the regulation of hedonic eating by modulating the midbrain reward system.It is a hotspot in the study of appetite regulation in recent years.More and more studies have focused on the crosstalk between stress hormone and reward system.In this review, the latest researches on regulation of feeding by stress hormone will be summarized.It will provide some theoretic basis for the development of new techniques on feeding regulation in animal production.

Key words: hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal axis; stress; feeding

中图分类号:

Q493.99

吴汉宇, 王丽娜. 下丘脑-垂体-肾上腺轴参与动物采食调控的研究进展[J]. 《中国畜牧兽医》, 2019, 46(8): 2281-2287.

WU Hanyu, WANG Lina. Research Advances on Effects of Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal Axis in Animal Feeding Regulation[J]. China Animal Husbandry & Veterinary Medicine, 2019, 46(8): 2281-2287.

参考文献 62

[1]	RENAUDEAU D,GOURDINE J L,ST-PIERRE N R.A meta-analysis of the effects of high ambient temperature on growth performance of growing-finishing pigs[J]. Journal of Animal Science,2011,89(7):2220-2230.
[2]	钱朝海,李四元,李文,等.仔猪断奶应激的探析及其防治措施[J].中国畜牧兽医,2006,33(9):58-60. QIAN C H,LI S Y,LI W,et al.Researching piglets ablactation stress syndrome produce reasons and prevention[J]. China Animal Husbandry & Veterinary Medicine,2006,33(9):58-60.(in Chinese)
[3]	GEHLERT D R.Role of hypothalamic neuropeptide Y in feeding and obesity[J]. Neuropeptides,1999,33(5):329-338.
[4]	VALASSI E,SCACCHI M,CAVAGNINI F.Neuroendocrine control of food intake[J]. Nutrition,Metabolism and Cardiovascular Diseases,2008,18(2):158-168.
[5]	SMITH P M,FERGUSON A V.Neurophysiology of hunger and satiety[J]. Developmental Disabilities Research Reviews,2008,14(2):96-104.
[6]	SCHWARTZ M W,WOODS S C,PORTE D J R,et al.Central nervous system control of food intake[J]. Nature,2000,404(6778):661-671.
[7]	KOOB G F,ZORRILLA E P.Neurobiological mechanisms of addiction:Focus on corticotropin-releasing factor[J]. Current Opinion in Investigational Drugs,2010,11(1):63-71.
[8]	SPANAGEL R,NOORI H R,HEILIG M.Stress and alcohol interactions:Animal studies and clinical significance[J]. Trends in Neurosciences,2014,37(4):219-227.
[9]	GOLD P W,CHROUSOS G P.Organization of the stress system and its dysregulation in melancholic and atypical depression:High vs low CRH/NE states[J]. Molecular Psychiatry,2002,7(3):254-275.
[10]	KELLY E A,FUDGE J L.The neuroanatomic complexity of the CRF and DA systems and their interface:What we still don't know[J]. Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews,2018,90:247-259.
[11]	NIEUWENHUIZEN A G,RUTTERS F.The hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis in the regulation of energy balance[J]. Physiology & Behavior,2008,94(2):169-177.
[12]	BAIGENT S M.Peripheral corticotropin-releasing hormone and urocortin in the control of the immune response[J]. Peptides,2001,22(5):809-820.
[13]	廖丽萍.高脂饮食对大鼠下丘脑前增食欲素原及CRH表达的影响[J].福建医药杂志,2010,32(1):86-87. LIAO L P.Effect of high-fat diet on the expression of orexin and CRH in rat hypothalamus[J]. Fujian Medical Journal,2010,32(1):86-87.(in Chinese)
[14]	CICCOCIOPPO R,FEDELI A,ECONOMIDOU D,et al.The bed nucleus is a neuroanatomical substrate for the anorectic effect of corticotropin-releasing factor and for its reversal by nociceptin/orphanin FQ[J]. Journal of Neuroscience,2003,23(28):9445-9451.
[15]	SUWANAPAPORN P,CHAIYABUTR N,THAMMACHAROEN S.A low degree of high ambient temperature decreased food intake and activated median preoptic and arcuate nuclei[J]. Physiology & Behavior,2017,181:16-22.
[16]	HEINRICHS S C,MENZAGHI F,PICH E M,et al.Corticotropin-releasing factor in the paraventricular nucleus modulates feeding induced by neuropeptide Y[J]. Brain Research,1993,611(1):18-24.
[17]	CURRIE P J.Integration of hypothalamic feeding and metabolic signals:Focus on neuropeptide Y[J]. Appetite,2003,41(3):335-337.
[18]	MO C,CAI G,HUANG L,et al.Corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) stimulates cocaine-and amphetamine-regulated transcript gene (CART1) expression through CRH type 1 receptor (CRHR1) in chicken anterior pituitary[J]. Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology,2015,417:166-177.
[19]	CRAMER T,KISLIOUK T,YESHURUN S,et al.The balance between stress resilience and vulnerability is regulated by corticotropin-releasing hormone during the critical postnatal period for sensory development[J]. Developmental Neurobiology,2015,75(8):842-853.
[20]	WENINGER S C,MUGLIA L J,JACOBSON L,et al.CRH-deficient mice have a normal anorectic response to chronic stress[J]. Regulatory Peptides,1999,84(1-3):69-74.
[21]	RICHARD D,LIN Q,TIMOFEEVA E.The corticotropin-releasing factor family of peptides and CRF receptors:Their roles in the regulation of energy balance[J]. European Journal of Pharmacology,2002,440(2-3):189-197.
[22]	TANAKA C,ASAKAWA A,USHIKAI M,et al.Comparison of the anorexigenic activity of CRF family peptides[J]. Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications,2009,390(3):887-891.
[23]	YAKABI K,NOGUCHI M,OHNO S,et al.Urocortin 1 reduces food intake and ghrelin secretion via CRF(2) receptors[J]. American Journal of Physiology Endocrinology and Metabolism,2011,301(1):E72-E82.
[24]	WANG L,STENGEL A,GOEBEL S M,et al.Intravenous injection of urocortin 1 induces a CRF2 mediated increase in circulating ghrelin and glucose levels through distinct mechanisms in rats[J]. Peptides,2013,39:164-170.
[25]	KOOB G F.Neurobiological substrates for the dark side of compulsivity in addiction[J]. Neuropharmacology,2009,56(Suppl 1):18-31.
[26]	PUCCI M,MICIONI DI BONAVENTURA M V,GIUSEPPONI M E,et al.Epigenetic regulation of nociceptin/orphanin FQ and corticotropin-releasing factor system genes in frustration stress-induced binge-like palatable food consumption[J]. Addiction Biology,2016,21(6):1168-1185.
[27]	LEONARD M Z,DEBOLD J F,MICZEK K A.Escalated cocaine "binges" in rats:Enduring effects of social defeat stress or intra-VTA CRF[J]. Psychopharmacology,2017,234(18):2823-2836.
[28]	GRIEDER T E,HERMAN M A,CONTET C,et al.VTA CRF neurons mediate the aversive effects of nicotine withdrawal and promote intake escalation[J]. Nature Neuroscience,2014,17(12):1751-1758.
[29]	CONTARINO A,KITCHENER P,VALL E M,et al.CRF1 receptor-deficiency increases cocaine reward[J]. Neuropharmacology,2017,117:41.
[30]	RINKER J A,MARSHALL S A,MAZZONE C M,et al.Extended amygdala to ventral tegmental area corticotropin-releasing factor circuit controls binge ethanol intake[J]. Biological Psychiatry,2017,81(11):930-940.
[31]	OSTROUMOV A,THOMAS A M,KIMMEY B A,et al.Stress increases ethanol self-administration via a shift toward excitatory GABA signaling in the ventral tegmental area[J]. Neuron,2016,92(2):493-504.
[32]	MARTIN J,TIMOFEEVA E.Intermittent access to sucrose increases sucrose-licking activity and attenuates restraint stress-induced activation of the lateral septum[J]. American Journal of Physiology Regulatory Integrative and Comparative Physiology,2010,298(5):R1383-R1398.
[33]	TRYON M S,STANHOPE K L,EPEL E S,et al.Excessive sugar consumption may be a difficult habit to break:A view from the brain and body[J]. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism,2015,100(6):2239-2247.
[34]	ULRICH-LAI Y M,CHRISTIANSEN A M,OSTRANDER M M,et al.Pleasurable behaviors reduce stress via brain reward pathways[J]. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America,2010,107(47):20529-20534.
[35]	FOSTER M T,WARNE J P,GINSBERG A B,et al.Palatable foods,stress,and energy stores sculpt corticotropin-releasing factor,adrenocorticotropin,and corticosterone concentrations after restraint[J]. Endocrinology,2009,150(5):2325-2333.
[36]	ULRICH-LAI Y M,OSTRANDER M M,THOMAS I M,et al.Daily limited access to sweetened drink attenuates hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenocortical axis stress responses[J]. Endocrinology,2007,148(4):1823-1834.
[37]	WANAT M J,HOPF F W,STUBER G D,et al.Corticotropin-releasing factor increases mouse ventral tegmental area dopamine neuron firing through a protein kinase C-dependent enhancement of Ih[J]. Journal of Physiology,2008,586(8):2157-2170.
[38]	LEMOS J C,WANAT M J,SMITH J S,et al.Severe stress switches CRF action in the nucleus accumbens from appetitive to aversive[J]. Nature,2012,490(7420):402-406.
[39]	FETISSOV S O,HALLMAN J,ORELAND L,et al.Autoantibodies against alpha-MSH,ACTH,and LHRH in anorexia and bulimia nervosa patients[J]. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America,2002,99(26):17155-17160.
[40]	KRUDE H,BIEBERMANN H,LUCK W,et al.Severe early-onset obesity,adrenal insufficiency and red hair pigmentation caused by POMC mutations in humans[J]. Nature Genetics,1998,19(2):155-157.
[41]	GANTZ I,KONDA Y,TASHIRO T,et al.Molecular cloning of a novel melanocortin receptor[J]. Journal of Biological Chemistry,1993,268(11):8246-8250.
[42]	AL-BARAZANJI K A,MILLER J E,RICE S Q,et al.C-terminal fragments of ACTH stimulate feeding in fasted rats[J]. Hormone and Metabolic Research,2001,33(8):480-485.
[43]	SCHULZ C,PAULUS K,LOBMANN R,et al.Endogenous ACTH,not only alpha-melanocyte-stimulating hormone,reduces food intake mediated by hypothalamic mechanisms[J]. American Journal of Physiology Endocrinology and Metabolism,2010,298(2):E237-E244.
[44]	SAHIN K,KUCUK O.A simple way to reduce heat stress in laying hens as judged by egg laying,body weight gain and biochemical parameters[J]. Acta Veterinaria Hungarica,2001,49(4):421-430.
[45]	MANETTI L,CAVAGNINI F,MARTINO E,et al.Effects of cocaine on the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis[J]. Journal of Endocrinological Investigation,2014,37(8):701-708.
[46]	刘磊.糖皮质激素在应激家禽食欲调控中的作用机制[D].泰安:山东农业大学,2014. LIU L.Mechanism of glucocorticoids regulating appetite in stressed poultry[D].Tai'an:Shandong Agricultural University,2014.(in Chinese)
[47]	SAVONTAUS E,CONWELL I M,WARDLAW S L.Effects of adrenalectomy on AGRP,POMC,NPY and CART gene expression in the basal hypothalamus of fed and fasted rats[J]. Brain Research,2002,958(1):130-138.
[48]	KONNO J,YOSHIDA S,INA A,et al.Upregulated expression of neuropeptide Y in hypothalamic-pituitary system of rats by chronic dexamethasone administration[J]. Neuroscience Research,2008,60(3):259-265.
[49]	SHIMIZU H,ARIMA H,WATANABE M,et al.Glucocorticoids increase neuropeptide Y and agouti-related peptide gene expression via adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase signaling in the arcuate nucleus of rats[J]. Endocrinology,2008,149(9):4544-4553.
[50]	KRISTENSSSON E,SUNDQVIST M,ASTIN M,et al.Acute psychological stress raises plasma ghrelin in the rat[J]. Regulatory Peptides,2006,134(2-3):114-117.
[51]	LUTTER M,SAKATA I,OSBORNE-LAWRENCE S,et al.The orexigenic hormone ghrelin defends against depressive symptoms of chronic stress[J]. Nature Neuroscience,2008,11(7):752-753.
[52]	OCHI M,TOMINAGA K,TANAKA F,et al.Effect of chronic stress on gastric emptying and plasma ghrelin levels in rats[J]. Life Sciences,2008,82(15-16):862-868.
[53]	BALSEVICH G,PETRIE G N,HILL M N.Endocannabinoids:Effectors of glucocorticoid signaling[J]. Frontiers in Neuroendocrinology,2017,47:86-108.
[54]	BARROT M,MARINELLI M,ABROUS D N,et al.The dopaminergic hyper-responsiveness of the shell of the nucleus accumbens is hormone-dependent[J]. European Journal of Neuroscience,2000,12(3):973-979.
[55]	NAISH K R,LALIBERTE M,MACKILLOP J,et al.Systematic review of the effects of acute stress in binge eating disorder[J]. European Journal of Neuroscience,2018,Epub Ahead of Print.
[56]	SOMINSKY L,SPENCER S J.Eating behavior and stress:A pathway to obesity[J]. Frontiers in Psychology,2014,5:434.
[57]	DALLMAN M F,PECORARO N C,LA FLEUR S E.Chronic stress and comfort foods:Self-medication and abdominal obesity[J]. Brain,Behavior,and Immunity,2005,19(4):275-280.
[58]	MAKINO S,SCHULKIN J,SMITH M A,et al.Regulation of corticotropin-releasing hormone receptor messenger ribonucleic acid in the rat brain and pituitary by glucocorticoids and stress[J]. Endocrinology,1995,136(10):4517-4525.
[59]	JEQUIER E.Leptin signaling,adiposity,and energy balance[J]. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences,2002,967:379-388.
[60]	UCHOA E T,SILVA L E,DE CASTRO M,et al.Glucocorticoids are required for meal-induced changes in the expression of hypothalamic neuropeptides[J]. Neuropeptides,2012,46(3):119-124.
[61]	STRACK A M,SEBASTIAN R J,SCHWARTZ M W,et al.Glucocorticoids and insulin:Reciprocal signals for energy balance[J]. American Journal of Physiology,1995,268(1-2):142-149.
[62]	MARINELLI M,PIAZZA P V.Interaction between glucocorticoid hormones,stress and psychostimulant drugs[J]. European Journal of Neuroscience,2002,16(3):387-394.