荷斯坦牛体外胚胎移植受胎率群体规律及影响因素分析

doi:10.16431/j.cnki.1671-7236.2026.01.030

中国畜牧兽医 ›› 2026, Vol. 53 ›› Issue (1): 333-342.doi: 10.16431/j.cnki.1671-7236.2026.01.030

荷斯坦牛体外胚胎移植受胎率群体规律及影响因素分析

李彦岩¹^,²(), 黄越川², 张海亮², 梅承³, 杨明路³, 张梦华¹, 胥磊¹, 冯彦¹^,², 黄锡霞¹(), 王雅春²()

^1.新疆农业大学动物科学学院，乌鲁木齐 830052
^2.中国农业大学动物科学技术学院，北京 100193
^3.东营澳亚现代牧场有限公司，东营 257300

修回日期:2025-09-02 出版日期:2026-01-05 发布日期:2025-12-26
通讯作者: 黄锡霞,王雅春 E-mail:1072087203@qq.com;au-huangxixia@163.com;wangyachun@cau.edu.cn
作者简介:李彦岩，E-mail： 1072087203@qq.com
基金资助:
农业生物育种重大项目(2023ZD04049);国家现代农业产业技术体系(CARS-36);青海省重大科技专项(2021-NK-A5)

Population Characteristics and Influencing Factors of Pregnancy Rates for in vitro Embryo Transfer in Holstein Cattle

LI Yanyan¹^,²(), HUANG Yuechuan², ZHANG Hailiang², MEI Cheng³, YANG Minglu³, ZHANG Menghua¹, XU Lei¹, FENG Yan¹^,², HUANG Xixia¹(), WANG Yachun²()

^1.College of Animal Science，Xinjiang Agricultural University，Urumqi 830052，China
^2.College of Animal Science and Technology，China Agricultural University，Beijing 100193，China
^3.Dongying AustAsia Modern Dairy Farm Co. ，Ltd. ，Dongying 257300，China

Revised:2025-09-02 Online:2026-01-05 Published:2025-12-26
Contact: HUANG Xixia, WANG Yachun E-mail:1072087203@qq.com;au-huangxixia@163.com;wangyachun@cau.edu.cn

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

目的奶牛体外胚胎生产-移植（in vitro embryo production and embryo transfer，IVP-ET）是现代奶牛养殖的重要繁殖手段之一。为解析奶牛体外胚胎移植受胎率的影响因素，本研究利用大规模数据分析了荷斯坦牛体外胚胎移植受胎率的表型特征，为优化体外胚胎生产移植技术体系提供可用信息。方法本研究收集了11个规模化奶牛场4 534头荷斯坦牛的5 155条体外胚胎移植记录及其对应的孕检记录，采用Logistic回归模型分析各非遗传因素（如胚胎因素等）对奶牛体外胚胎移植受胎率的影响。结果荷斯坦青年牛体外胚胎移植总体受胎率为51.29%。胚胎因素（保存状态、发育阶段、体外培养天数）及受体牛移植次数对移植受胎率有极显著影响，其中，移植新鲜胚胎的受胎率极显著高于冷冻胚胎（P<0.01）；不同发育阶段的胚胎中，发育至扩张囊胚的受胎率极显著高于囊胚（P<0.01）；体外培养天数不同的胚胎中，培养至第6天下午、第7天上午及下午的胚胎的移植受胎率均极显著高于培养至第8天下午的胚胎（P<0.01）；首次移植的受胎率极显著高于非首次移植（P<0.01）。受体牛月龄和胚胎父本对移植受胎率有显著影响，其中>14.5且≤15月龄受体牛的受胎率最高（52.59%），且极显著高于<14月龄的受体牛（P<0.01）；胚胎父本显著影响移植受胎率（P<0.05），表明由父本决定的胚胎内在质量是影响移植成功与否的关键生产端因素，进一步提示胚胎生产与胚胎移植息息相关。结论基于大规模胚胎移植记录，本研究发现胚胎保存状态、发育阶段、体外培养天数及受体牛移植次数对移植受胎率有显著影响，优化胚胎质量与选择适宜受体是提高荷斯坦牛体外胚胎移植受胎率的关键。

关键词: 荷斯坦牛; 体外胚胎; 胚胎移植; 受胎率; 群体规律

Abstract:

Objective In vitro embryo production and embryo transfer （IVP-ET） is one of the most important reproduction technology in modern dairy industry. This study aimed to analyze the influencing factors of pregnancy rate of in vitro embryo transfer in Holstein cattle， examine the phenotype characteristic of the pregnancy rate of in vitro embryo transfer using embryos transfer records from large-scale dairy operation， providing actionable information to optimize the technical system for somatic cell nuclear transfer. Method A total of 5 155 in vitro embryo transfer records were collected along with the corresponding pregnancy check results from 4 534 Holstein cattle in 11 large-scale dairy farms. The logistic regression model was used to analyze the effects of non-genetic factors （such as embryo-related factors） on embryo transfer successful rate. Result The overall pregnancy rate of in vitro produced embryo transfer in Holstein heifers was 51.29%. Several factors had an extremely significant effect on the pregnancy rate， including embryo-related factors （preservation status， developmental stage， in vitro culture duration） and the recipient’s transfer number. Specifically， the pregnancy rate of fresh embryos was extremely significantly higher than that of frozen embryos （P<0.01）. At different developmental stages， expanded blastocysts resulted in an extremely significantly higher pregnancy rate compare with blastocysts （P<0.01）. Among embryos cultured in vitro for different days， the transfer pregnancy rate of embryos cultured until the afternoon of the 6th day， morning and afternoon of the 7th day was extremely significantly higher than that of embryos cultured until the afternoon of the 8th day （P<0.01）. Furthermore， first-time recipients achieved an extremely significantly higher pregnancy rate compare with undergoing subsequent transfers （P<0.01）. Recipient age and the sire of the embryo had a significant effecton the pregnancy rate， heifers aged >14.5 to ≤15 months achieved the highest pregnancy rate （52.59%）， which was extremely significantly higher than that of heifers aged <14 months （P<0.01）. The sire of the embryo also significantly influenced the pregnancy rate （P<0.05）， indicating that the intrinsic quality of the embryo， as determined by the sire， was a critical upstream factor for transfer success， which underscored the strong interrelationship between the processes of embryo production and the final outcomes of embryo transfer. Conclusion Utilizing extensive embryo transfer data， this study demonstrated that embryo preservation status， developmental stage， in vitro culture duration， and recipient transfer number were critical determinants of pregnancy rate. The results underscored that enhancing embryo quality and rigorous recipient selection were key to increasing the efficiency of IVP-ET in Holstein cattle.

Key words: Holstein cattle; in vitro embryo; embryo transfer; pregnancy rate; population characteristics

中图分类号:

S814.4

李彦岩, 黄越川, 张海亮, 梅承, 杨明路, 张梦华, 胥磊, 冯彦, 黄锡霞, 王雅春. 荷斯坦牛体外胚胎移植受胎率群体规律及影响因素分析[J]. 中国畜牧兽医, 2026, 53(1): 333-342.

LI Yanyan, HUANG Yuechuan, ZHANG Hailiang, MEI Cheng, YANG Minglu, ZHANG Menghua, XU Lei, FENG Yan, HUANG Xixia, WANG Yachun. Population Characteristics and Influencing Factors of Pregnancy Rates for in vitro Embryo Transfer in Holstein Cattle[J]. China Animal Husbandry & Veterinary Medicine, 2026, 53(1): 333-342.

图/表 6

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性状 Traits	水平 Levels	数据量 Data size/条	受胎率 Pregnancy rate/%
受体牛发情天数 Days post-estrus in recipient cows	6~7	4 098	51.54
受体牛发情天数 Days post-estrus in recipient cows	8	1 057	50.33
黄体等级 Corpus luteum grade	1	2 477	51.15
	2	2 078	51.78
	3	600	50.17
移植次数 Number of embryo transfer for the recipient	首次移植	3 986	51.66
移植次数 Number of embryo transfer for the recipient	非首次移植	1 169	50.04
胚胎父本 Embryo sire	A001	25	60.00
	A002	196	59.18
	A003	167	58.68
	A004	14	57.14
	A005	173	56.07
	A006	339	55.75
	A007	36	55.56
	A008	22	54.55
	A009	802	54.49
	A010	193	54.40
	A011	352	54.26
	A012	1 018	51.18
	A013	30	50.00
	A014	768	48.70
	A015	23	47.83
	A016	71	46.48
	A017	101	44.55
	A018	580	44.31
	A019	25	44.00
	A020	49	42.86
	A021	171	39.77
胚胎保存状态 Embryo preservation status	新鲜胚胎	742	67.12
胚胎保存状态 Embryo preservation status	冷冻胚胎	4 784	50.06
胚胎发育阶段 Development stage of embryo	囊胚	1 101	47.41
胚胎发育阶段 Development stage of embryo	扩张囊胚	4 054	52.34

效应 Factors	自由度DF	卡方 χ²	P值 P-value
胚胎保存状态 Embryo preservation status	1	13.48	<0.01^**
受体牛月龄 Age of recipient	4	12.06	0.02^*
胚胎体外培养天数 Culture days of in vitro embryo	4	114.30	<0.01^**
胚胎发育阶段 Development stage of embryo	1	12.28	<0.01^**
移植次数 Number of embryo transfer for the recipient	1	9.50	<0.01^**
受体牛发情天数 Days post-estrus in recipient cows	1	0.73	0.39
黄体等级 Corpus luteum grade	2	0.85	0.65
胚胎父本 Embryo sire	20	37.30	0.01^*
场-人 Farm-technician	46	48.25	0.39

效应 Factors	水平 Levels	估计值 Estimated value	标准误 SEM	卡方 χ²	P值 P-value	优势比 Odds ratio	95%置信区间 95% confidence interval
胚胎保存状态 Embryo preservation status	新鲜胚胎	0.62	0.17	13.48	<0.01	1.86	1.33~2.58
受体牛月龄 Age of recipient	14	0.06	0.13	0.25	0.61	1.06	0.83~1.37
	>14且≤14.5	0.07	0.08	0.80	0.37	1.07	0.92~1.27
	>14.5且≤15	0.46	0.14	11.30	<0.01	1.59	1.21~2.08
	>15且≤17	0.42	0.17	5.94	0.02	1.52	1.09~2.13
胚胎体外培养天数 Culture days of in vitro embryo	第6天下午	0.86	0.23	14.24	<0.01	2.35	1.51~3.67
	第7天上午	0.85	0.20	17.24	<0.01	2.34	1.56~3.50
	第7天下午	0.62	0.21	8.68	<0.01	1.86	1.23~2.81
	第8天上午	0.08	0.21	0.13	0.71	1.08	0.72~1.62
胚胎发育阶段 Development stage of embryo	扩张囊胚	0.25	0.07	12.30	<0.01	1.28	1.12~1.48
移植次数 Number of embryo transfer for the recipient	首次移植	0.39	0.13	9.50	<0.01	1.48	1.16~1.90

荷斯坦牛体外胚胎移植受胎率群体规律及影响因素分析

Population Characteristics and Influencing Factors of Pregnancy Rates for in vitro Embryo Transfer in Holstein Cattle

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