重组活载体疫苗研究进展

doi:10.16431/j.cnki.1671-7236.2026.01.008

Abstract

Abstract:

Recombinant live vector vaccines utilize attenuated pathogens as carriers to deliver target antigens， offering distinct advantages including potent immunogenicity， cost-effective production， and flexible immunization strategies. These vaccines demonstrate broad prospects in infectious disease prevention and tumor immunotherapy. This review systematically summarizes recent advances in bacterial and viral vector-based vaccines， with particular focus on their antigen expression characteristics， suitable animal models， and immunization efficacy. Regarding bacterial vectors， genetically modified Bacillus Calmette-Guérin expressing Mycobacterium tuberculosis antigens or immunomodulators significantly enhances immunization efficacy. Salmonella vectors exhibit outstanding performance in mucosal immunization and cancer therapy due to their suitability for oral administration. Lactic acid bacteria， as safe delivery platforms， effectively induce both mucosal and systemic immune responses. Additionally， Escherichia coli and Bacillus subtilis have shown promising progress in developing anti-infection and anti-tumor vaccines. Among viral vectors， Adenoviruses have been successfully employed in Coronavirus disease 2019 （COVID-19） and swine influenza vaccines owing to their high transduction efficiency. Poxviruses are ideal for multivalent vaccine design due to their large capacity for foreign gene insertion. Herpesviruses demonstrate excellent immunogenicity when expressing Foot-and-mouth disease virus or Influenza virus antigens， while maintaining high safety profiles due to their restricted host range. RNA virus vectors such as Newcastle disease virus and Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus serve as promising platforms for polyvalent vaccines， leveraging their unique replication features. Furthermore， enterovirus vectors show potential for treating neurological disorders. Despite these achievements， further improvements in immunogenicity， safety optimization， and scalable manufacturing remain key research priorities. This review provides valuable insights to guide future development and clinical translation of live vector vaccines.

Key words: recombinant vaccines; immunization efficacy; viral vector; bacterial vector

CLC Number:

S859.97^＋7

GUO Shuanglin, HAO Fei, LIU Yongjie, QIN Haoran, CHEN Rong, MA Sunting, FENG Zhixin, XIE Xing. Advances in Recombinant Live Vector Vaccine[J]. China Animal Husbandry & Veterinary Medicine, 2026, 53(1): 81-93.

Figures/Tables 1

Table 1

Research progress on vector vaccines"

载体类型 Vector types	载体 Vectors	疫苗/载体名称 Vaccine/vector name	抗原 Antigen	试验动物 Animal model	是否攻毒 Challenge or not	免疫效果 Immunization efficacy	参考文献 References
细菌载体 Bacterial vector	卡介苗	Δure hly^＋ rBCG（VPM1002）	单核细胞增生李斯特菌的膜穿孔溶血素（Hly）	BALB/c 小鼠	是	肺内结核负担显著降低，高剂量攻毒疫苗组存活时间更长	Grode等^［13］
		rBCG30	表达结核分枝杆菌30 ku主要分泌蛋白	豚鼠（Hartley strain）	是	肝脏和脾脏中的结节降为原来的约1/10	Horwitz等^［14］
		rBCG：：A rBCG：：B rBCG：：AB	分别表达结核分枝杆菌Ag85A、Ag85B及Ag85A和Ag85B	C57BL/6 小鼠	是	双抗原重组疫苗对肺脏具有最强的短期和长期保护作用	Wang等^［10］
		IL-2-BZLF1-rBCG	人IL-2和EBV BZLF1		否		Yu等^［15］
	沙门菌	SL 7207 pYA：120	HIV-1 gp120		否		Fouts^［19］
		—	柔嫩艾美耳球虫抗原		否		Pogonka等^［20］
		PsifB：：sseJ	表达coSVN（生存素）	CT26小鼠	否（治疗性接种）	通过CD8^＋ T细胞产生cxcr3依赖性肿瘤浸润，触发强效抗肿瘤活性	Xu等^［21］
	乳酸菌	L.casei-OMP16-PEDVS	表达PEDVS蛋白和流产布鲁氏菌OMP16蛋白		否		Li等^［24］
		L. plantarum NC8-Tsgal	表达旋毛虫半乳糖凝集素	BALB/c 小鼠	是	肠道成虫与肌肉幼虫减少	Xu等^［25］
		pSIP409-p32-HA2/NC8 pNZ8149-HA2/NZ3900	表达 AIV HA2蛋白	鸡	是	2组重组乳杆菌均能显著减少H9N2亚型AIV排毒	Liu等^［26］
			G型产气梭菌的主要毒素抗原表位CA、CN	鸡	是	血清中特异性IgG含量上升，肠道病变减轻	王登潮^［27］
	大肠杆菌	rMAP62-54c/BL21	表面展示副结核分枝杆菌重组蛋白	BALB/c 小鼠	是	脏器无明显病变，体重维持稳定	丁仕豪等^［28］
		E.coli LLO/OVA	表达单核细胞增生李斯特菌溶血素O和卵清蛋白	B16 OVA黑色素瘤小鼠	是	有效预防B16 OVA黑色素小鼠的肿瘤肺转移	Xu等^［29］
		EcN-5M2e	表达5M2e抗原（H1N1、H2N2、H3N2、H5N1和H7N9的M2e序列串联）	BALB/c 小鼠	是	与PBS组的小鼠相比，EcN-5M2e组的所有小鼠在流感病毒攻击后均存活	Huang等^［30］
		EcN-MPER	插入HIV-1 MPER序列		否		Ninyio等^［31］
病毒载体 Viral vector	腺病毒	Ad5-HA-14.2 Ad5-NP-13.4	表达H3N2亚型SIV血凝素或核蛋白的人腺病毒5型	猪	是	2种混合重组病毒的免疫组得到完全保护	Wesley等^［37］
	腺病毒	rPAV-gp55	插入CSFV Weybridge株gp55 （E2）基因	猪	是	起到完全保护作用，无临床症状	Hammond等^［38］
	痘病毒		FMDV P12A3C和PRRV HF蛋白		否		Zhao等^［41］
			表达了SARS-CoV-2突刺基因		否		Awasthi 等^［42］
		T10-F10	表达CMV抗原IE1、IE2、pp65				Yll-Pico 等^［43］
	疱疹病毒		表达狂犬病毒G蛋白的重组CHV		否		Xuan等^［45］
		PRV TK^-/gE^-/P1-2A-VP2	共表达FMDV前体蛋白P1-2A和PPV VP2蛋白的PRV	BALB/c 小鼠	是	只验证对PRV的保护作用	Hong等^［48］
			表达甲型H1N1亚型流感病毒的HA重组PRV	猪	是	单次鼻内免疫可保护猪免受H1N1亚型流感病毒攻击，但病毒的复制并没有被完全抑制	Klingbeil 等^［49］
		PrV-BaMI-synN1	表达N1神经氨酸酶的PrV-Ba重组PRV	猪	是	疫苗接种可显著抑制攻击病毒复制	Klingbeil 等^［50］
		rHVT-VP2	插入IBDV（G2d）的VP2基因	鸡	是	rHVT-VP2组保护指数达100%，且未检测到IBDV	Zhang等^［51］
	NDV	rNDV/B1-HA	表达流感病毒血凝素的感染性重组病毒	BALB/c 小鼠	是	小鼠免疫后致死剂量的流感病毒攻毒，小鼠存活	Nakaya等^［55］
			HPIV3血凝素-神经氨酸酶蛋白		否		Bukreyev 等^［56］
		rLaSota/VP2	表达IBDV VP2	鸡	是	接种疫苗产生了针对NDV和IBDV的抗体应答，并对NDV和IBDV提供了90%的保护	Huang等^［57］
	PRRSV	rPRRSV-E2	表达CSFV E2蛋白	猪	是	免疫后的猪在20和24周对HP-PRRSV或CSFV的攻击有很好的保护作用	Gao等^［60］
			PCV2衣壳蛋白		否		Pei等^［63］
		rPRRSV-mCherry-EGFP	表达2种外源性蛋白（EGFP和mCherry）		否		Li等^［64］
	肠道病毒		BDNF成熟肽的核苷酸序列插入脊髓灰质炎病毒		否		Jia等^［65］
		CVB3/0-mil4 /47 CVB3-pl2-mil4/46	小鼠IL-4		否		Chapman等^［66］
			FMDV衣壳蛋白（VP1）表位		否		Chu等^［68］
		rHY12-3A-2-HA rHY12-3A-3-HA rHY12-3A-9-HA	重组HY12 BEV的全长感染性cDNA克隆		否		Liu等^［69］

Table 1

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Advances in Recombinant Live Vector Vaccine

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